Outgroup

Participants in contact were likely to experience “attitude strength,” “outgroup trust,” and “forgiveness” as well as reducing implicit bias and “automatic physiological threat responses to out-group members” (Hewstone & Swart, 2011, 376). Contact can change these fundamental attributes of one’s character and self. Additionally, those who participated in intergroup contact gain positive attitudes not only toward the outgroup they interacted with, but also “towards other, secondary, outgroups not involved in the contact situation” (Hewstone & Swart, 2011, p. 376). The effects of contact bleed through to other parts of one’s personal life, creating a fundamental change in a participant’s…

theory is the presence of ingroup bias; it is said that this ingroup bias supports a positive self-concept, feeds favoritism, and fosters outgroup disliking. People often identify their positive self-image with the self-image of their ingroup (DiDonato & others, 2011). So when our ingroup has been successful we often feel a sense of pride, and our identity for our ingroup is strengthened. For this reason men and women are often segregated because the feeling of pride and ingroup identity is…

Humans have a very strong tendency to perceive other humans in terms of “us” and “them”. “Us” refers to the in-group, which is the group we belong to. On the other hand, “them” refers to the out-group, and is the social group we do not belong to. Neither are limited to racial, ethnic, or religious boundaries. Any characteristic can be used to make in-group and outgroup distinctions (rock vs. pop, Apple vs. Windows, etc…). Since the in-group is the one we belong to, we can see the members of our…

Aggression and Racial Ingroup and Outgroup Ostracism Belonging was necessary for the establishment of mental health, reproductive success, and security in human (Baumeister & Leary, 1995). The advantages in establishing and maintaining social connections were numerous, for example obtained social support from groups, accessed critical resources and potential mates, and protected from environmental dangers (Buss, 1990). In fact, Baumeister and Leary (1995) suggested that belonging to social…

Case study report on the psychological issues within a football academy From the case study information, it is clear that the main psychology issue the football academy are struggling with is social identity. For example, the athletes are performing as individual’s trying to out win one another, from the behavioural observations it states that ‘the football players have been behaving as a bunch of individuals with little sense of belonging to an academy team’ and ‘it appears there is no…

simultaneous multiple social group membership. The researches on ingroup bias, crosscutting categorization (Urban & Miller, 1998) were mostly conducted in simple one ingroup-outgroup categorization contexts. But due to existence of simultaneous multiple social group membership, research focus has been turned towards a nature of relationship among identities particular person has. Furthermore, such focus of interest goes along a social diversity problem, tolerance of ambiguity as a part of…

This display of apprehensiveness, as explained by Stephan et al. (1998), is an example of Intergroup Anxiety (IA) – highly prevalent emotions felt by individuals during social interactions with outgroup members. This model suggests that individuals may experience a broad range of adverse emotions, such as awkwardness, anxiety, apprehension and embarrassment, which may fuel intergroup hostility. Furthermore, according to Dalglish and Chan (2005), individuals who experience lesser intercultural…

of attending Luther College, I had never been to a Sunday morning church service in the Center for Faith and Life. In fact, I have attended very few church services in my life. As a child, I went on rare occasions with my family to my grandfather’s Missouri Synod Lutheran Church, and often felt intimidated during the experience. I can remember the time I accompanied my grandfather to a service on a day in which the congregation received communion. During communion, I reached for the bread at the…

Symbolic threat is similar to the ideas underlying symbolic racism, where threat arises from a conflict of values, norms, and beliefs (Riek et al., 2006). Symbolic threat is the extent to which people perceive larger or greatly valued differences between groups. Stephan et al., (2000) study showed that symbolic threat was a strong predictor of attitudes towards women. Also, in Riek et al., (2006) meta-analysis show that symbolic threats have also provided an alternative explanation for biases…

Human cognition is a psychological term that means the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding experience. People tend to categorize their experiences into concepts they create to handle a range of incoming information, which is a part of human cognition that makes them distinguish members of the ingroup from the outgroup. Since people always seek a strong sense of belonging and emotional connection to their ingroup so that they can meet the social norm, they tend to develop…