Osmotic pressure

(FO) process is an emerging separation/desalination process. It is rapid process compared to other membrane processes such as reverse osmosis. The physical phenomenon of forward osmosis (FO) can demonstrated as the motion of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane due to difference in osmotic pressure driving force through the membrane. The membrane enables only water molecules to pass through when salt molecules are rejected. The forward desalination technique makes use of a draw solution with high osmotic pressure to draw the water molecules from a inlet solution such as brackish with lower osmotic pressure in contrast to the draw solution. As illustrated in Figure 1, water flux directions in forward osmosis and reverse osmosis. In forward osmosis, the inlet solution of high water chemical potential is separated from the draw solution of low water chemical potential by a semipermeable membrane (as shown in figure 1 (a)). Figure 1 (b) shows water molecules are transported from the inlet to the draw solution in FO because of the difference in osmotic pressures. However, in reverse osmosis (figure 1 (c)), hydraulic pressure is applied to the inlet to overcome the osmotic pressure. The application of…

Introduction: All living organisms require the process of osmosis in order to live. When there is a semi-permeable membrane separating differing parts of an aqueous solution, the fluid will flow from the section with the higher osmotic pressure to the section with the lower osmotic pressure (HammelSchlege2005). This happens because the solute molecules diffuse toward the fluid with a lower concentration and the solute molecules drag the water through which they diffuse (HammelSchlege2005). This…

The distilled water and 10% sucrose solutions made the eggs gain weight because they are hypotonic solutions. A hypotonic solution is any solution that has a lower osmotic pressure than another solution. The distilled water passed through the semi-permeable membrane the most. The 20%, 30%, 40%, and the unknown sucrose solutions made the eggs lose weight because they are hypertonic solutions. A hypertonic solution is any solution that has a higher osmotic pressure than another solution. We…

The effects infused crystalloid fluid has on osmotic pressures and total protein on horses undergoing surgery for colic Ashleigh Dawson 815672 31 October 2016 ABSTRACT Background: Horses diagnosed with colic can present with hypovolemia and dehydration if not infused with crystalloid fluid during surgery. The maintenance of colloid osmotic pressure (COP) and total protein (TP) is necessary to avoid intra- and post-operative complications. Methods: Twenty nine horses being treated for…

Mirikitani’s “Suicide Note,” a young girl is writing a note to her parents on a cold, snowy night telling them the reason she took her own life. Mirikatini writes this note from the young Asian-American’s pressure-filled mind who has battled with the feeling of being “not good enough” for too long. This poem is filled with many comparisons and analogies that descriptively illustrate what the girl that Mirikitani writes about was thinking and feeling. The suicide note displays the overwhelming…

mole of H_(2(g)) is 22.4 L, it supports Avogadro’s law that one mole of an ideal gas occupies 22.4 L at STP. At the same time, it indicates that a direct relationship exists between volume and the number of moles of gas as temperature and pressure stays constant. One real world application of the importance of this problem is demonstrated when a helium balloon is lighter than an identical balloon filled with air (http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/gases/faq/everyday-gas-laws.shtml).…

an intricate role in uniting families as well as communities in friendly banter, while taking one’s mind off the pressures that may engulf them on a daily basis. And even though this holds true, occasionally, during the season one will experience an upset or a scandal that will rock the nation. The world has bore witness to these types of upsets where the environment; the temperature, had a major effect on the outcome of the game and the teams who were the victors regardless. Whether an upset…

Now, the liquid flow governing equations are presented to determine the volume fraction of the liquid and its velocity. The capillary pressure at porous media is defined as the difference between pressure in the liquid and vapor phase. Mass conservation for liquid phase is as follow: (18) (∂(εsρ_l))/∂t+∇.(ρ_l u ⃗_l )=S_(g-l) Darcy law can be used for liquid momentum equation in porous media; therefore, momentum equation is reduced and can be expressed by: (19) u ⃗_l=-K_l/μ_l ∇p_l Also, the liquid…

first experiment studied the relationship between volume and pressure, while keeping the amount of the gas sample and temperature constant. Table 1 shows the atmospheric pressure recorded during the experiment. Atmospheric Pressure (mm Hg) 644.0 mm Hg Table 1. Atmospheric pressure was recorded using barometer in lab next door. This atmospheric pressure is of the lab next door, and is not the atmospheric pressure in which the experiment took place. Possible errors from this assumption will be…

Materials ● 1 Thermometer ● 1 Digital Timer ● Gas pressure sensor ● Logger Pro ● Vernier computer interface ● Laptop computer ● 2 Ring stands ● 2 utility clamps ● 3 400 ml Glass beakers ● 1 Small plastic shoe container ● 6 Sprigs of Elodea ● 1 Hot plate ● 1 Small plastic pan ● Ice to fill the pan ● DI Water Method First, turn the hot plate on to start the heating process, careful not to touch it after it is on. Power on the computer and connect the gas pressure sensor to the…