Nephrology

Rui Lu Pig kidney dissection Purpose By cutting open the pig kidney, to figure out the following parts: capsule, cortex, medulla, pyramid, papilla, column, major calyx, minor calyx, hilus, renal artery, renal vein, pelvis, sinus and ureter of the kidney. Hypothesis If we dissect a pig kidney, then we will find many similarities to the human kidney because we have learned that mammalian kidneys are similar. Experiment Background: The urinary system is one of the biggest and the most…

What do you know about Dance? How much do you know about medicine? These two things have grown and developed over time. The dance style in the 1980s has influenced many young and old dancer of the generations to come. Medicine has also developed since then until now. The development of medicine has helped cure more illnesses and help people all around the world with the new viruses that had a come to be. The style of dance developed also helped young children who many be going through hard times…

he organs that make up the urinary system. The organs of the urinary system include the two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder and the urethra. Kidneys. The kidneys are the major excretory organs of the body. The adult kidneys are normally located in the middle of the back one on each side of the spine and are partially protected by the lower ribs. Each kidney is kidney bean in shape and is almost the same size of a person’s clenched fist. One kidney have about 1 million nephrons are tiny…

Rhabdomyolysis is “A possibly fatal condition in which skeletal muscle breaks down due to injury such as physical damage to the muscle, high fever, metabolic disorders, excessive exertion, convulsions or anoxia of the muscle for several hours, large amounts of myoglobin are usually excreted.”(Huether & McCance, 2012, p. 1097) In acute renal failure myoglobin precipitates in the tubules obstructing the flow through the nephrons and causing injury. Damage to the myocyte causes an influx of sodium…

Chronic Renal Failure Chronic renal failure is an illness that involves the gradual loss of kidney function to the point that the nephrons lose their filtration abilities. Chronic kidney disease is increasing in prevalence in the United States, and this is causing significant financial and social implications. One major issue is that the disease has poor outcomes, and there is a need for the development of new interventions. Studies illustrate that there is a high prevalence of the earlier…

Acute kidney failure “Acute kidney failure starts with the kidney(s) failure in the process of filtering waste products from the blood.” (Mayo Clinic staff, 2016). When the kidneys can no longer filter well enough, the wastes start to add up in the blood of the body and the blood levels become imbalanced. This can happen over a few days or in a short period of time. Acute kidney failure is very common in people who are already in the hospital or patients in intensive care units. “Causes of Acute…

Case summary: A 69 years old male with known CKD and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was admitted to hospital following a GP visit. Increased prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and raised creatinine levels were observed in his blood tests. Patient was referred from GP due to worsening of creatinine on a background of 2 months of increasing pedal oedema. Ultrasound scan showed no renal obstruction and a renal biopsy confirmed pANCA vasculitis. Urinalysis also confirmed presence of glucose,…

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) maintains osmolality by regulating water reabsorption in the principal cells of the kidneys’ renal collecting duct. AVP is synthesized in the hypothalamus and released by the neurohypophysis. AVP binds to the G-protein couple receptor, arginine vasopressin receptor type 2 (AVPR2), in the basolateral membrane of the kidneys. This leads to transport of aquaporin water channels (AQP2) to the apical membrane of the collecting duct principal cells. Water permeability is…

Chronic Renal Failure As stated in this post chronic renal failure is a “slow progressive, irreversible loss in kidney function” (Silvestri, 2011). Chronic renal failure causes damages to all the major organs in the body. People affected by this disease usually have to get new kidneys from a donor or go to dialysis to be able to function. Many factors can cause the kidneys to shut down. Diabetes mellitus is considered one of the leading causes of renal failure. Other problems like hypertension,…

Discussion Catabolic pathways break down substrates for use by the cell - pick one of the catabolic pathways and carry out some background research; what are the inputs and outputs of the pathway? Are the inputs coming from other pathways, or are they scavenged by the cell? Are the intermediates used in any other processes? How ubiquitous is this pathway? After my reading this week, I had much better understanding on what really takes place during metabolism (catabolic reaction). Purine…