Median lethal dose

Recent declines in honey bee populations and increasing demand for insect-pollinated crops raise concerns about pollinator shortages. Pesticide exposure and pathogens may interact to have strong negative effects on managed honey bee colonies. Such findings are of great concern given the large numbers and high levels of pesticides found in honey bee colonies. Thus it is crucial to determine how field-relevant combinations and loads of pesticides affect bee health. We collected pollen from bee…

Toxicity is the levels of chemical which causes harm to organism. A median level toxicity, LD50 is the levels of chemical required to kill half the population on organisms. LD50 metrics is used to define toxicity and any level beyond this measure is considered lethal causing acute toxicity and mortality. At No observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) , there is no biologically or statically significant adverse effect of exposure on organism. The exposure level in minimum and the risk is acceptable…

was a good step forward, it does not stop the use of chemical/biological weapons by state actors that are non-signatory (e.g. Iraq's use of nerve agents during the Iran-Iraq War in the 80's). Lethal Dose (LD) and Lethal Dose 50 (LD 50 or LD-50, or LD/50) can be defined as the median amount of material…

1.Introduction Venom is an general expression indicating to different forms of toxins secreted naturally by living organisms: microbes, plants, or animals.; these animals have developed their behaviors as defense mechanisms or to help them hunt for food by using their venom , or they can be produced synthetically .Toxin acts through two mechanisms either by effecting nervous system or by damaging tissues or organs (Franz et al., 1997). Animal venoms are complicated natural sources of…

treat joint, bone, and muscle inflammation and pain. Nevertheless, NSAIDs may cause gastrointestinal discomfort and even cause stomach ulcers (Sostres, Gargallo et al. 2010). In addition, widely used NSAIDs, such as naproxen, low-dose ibuprofen, and diclofenac in doses available…

be the cessation of menstruation, menopause, changes in body hair, and changes in metabolism.6 He informed Himmler the men needed a dosage of 500-600 r for two minutes and women needed 300-350 r for three minutes.7 This amount of x-rays is a median lethal dose for x-rays absorbed in the human body. Surgical operations were experimented with to see if sexually abnormal prisoners at Buchenwald would have virility increased by transplantation of glands.8 Opposition to this forced sterilization was…

It’s interesting to see the progression of weapons from the early beginnings to now. Most people believe that chemical warfare agents were first introduced during the World Wars. Interestingly enough, the concepts of these agents were developed as early as 600 B.C. They weren’t known as chemical warfare agents however; the techniques that were used mimic the action of these agents that are being used today. During the Peloponnesian War between Sparta and Athens, the Spartan army used a mixture…