Lithium

Nearly every battery in a phone, laptop or electric car is lithium based. The element lithium is a difficult substance to harvest. It must be evaporated from brine which is found in salt lakes. This brine is pumped from underground to the surface then allowed to evaporate in large pans before being separated by electrolysis. From there the lithium metal oxide is taken to a factory where it is made into battery cells [6]. At the factory the anode and cathode materials are separated for production before being added to the electrode. The anode materials are a form of carbon, whereas the cathode materials are made of the lithium metal oxide. Each of the materials are then separately combined into a semi liquid mixture, and then spread in layers onto the electrode foil. From this coating machine, the coated foils are sent into an oven. Then these cathode and anode foils are assembled. Both anodes and cathodes, for a prismatic cell, are stacked, the electrodes connected, and an electrode stack inserted. Then the sub assembly is put together. This includes connections, terminals, vents and safety devices. From there the cell is sealed using a…

All sorts of electronics - cell phones, laptops, digital cameras, etc. - are ever-present in today’s society. Nowadays, these electronics are powered from Lithium-ion batteries. The major processes throughout the lithium life cycle can be divided into five stages: resource mining, chemical production, product manufacture, product use and waste management (Sun et al., 2017). Lithium is extracted from two sources - ore and salt brines - and the lithium minerals are then transformed into basic…

The components of the lithium ion batteries include a positive electrode made of metal oxide, negative electrode made of carbon (graphite), a separator made of a micro-porous polymer, and an organic electrolyte (ether) that is made up of dissolved ions of lithium. During recharge, the lithium ions travel from the positive metal oxide to the negatively charged graphite electrode. The reverse flow occurs during discharge (when the battery is in use) (Carnegie, 40; Divya and Østergaard, 513).…

anodes (372 mAh g-1).7–11 However, low electrical conductivity, huge capacity fading, poor durability due to the volume change and reduced crystallinity through the so-call conversion reaction mechanism of their use as LIB electrode material with prolonged cycling have impeded their applications.7,12 In recent years, new electrode materials for rechargeable LIBs have undergone a drastic shift toward to nanomaterials.13–20 Bulk material are generally considered to possess sluggish lithium ion and…

Lithium is an element with the atomic number 3 on the periodic table. Its atomic symbol is Li. Lithium belongs in the most reactive group on the periodic table which is called alkali metal. Lithium under standard conditions is the lightest metal it is also one of the least dense solids. Lithium has an atomic mass of 6.94 and density of 0.534. Lithium is a soft silver white looking metal. Lithium melts at 357 degrees and boils at a temper of 2426 degrees. Thanks to lithium's ability to reach…

Lithium is the chemical element of atomic number 3, a soft silver-white metal. It is the lightest of the alkali metals. The two main parts of every atom are neutrons and protons. The three main subatomic particles that form an atom are protons, neutrons, and electrons. Electrons are the smallest of the three particles that make up atoms. Electrons are found in shells or orbitals that surround the nucleus of an atom. Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus. They group together in the center…

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Lithium originates from the Greek word, “lithos,” meaning stone, because at least a small amount of lithium is found in every rock (The Element Lithium, 1). In fact, roughly 0.0007 of the crust of the earth is made up of lithium. At a refined state, it is a malleable, silver-gray metal, which is reactive, flammable, and easily corroded in exposure to moist air (Lithium: historical information, 1). Other characteristics of lithium create specific and productive uses for this element. Lithium has…

Introduction: Some organizations grow big with time, most of them grow with time because it always takes time to develop an organizational structure and establish a permanent industrial setup, but some industries just grow within a couple of decades. Tesla is one of them. Like all the big business firms and industries, it took only 19 years to compete with the local and international market demands and made a strong position among all the fellow competitors. The company came into existence in…

be seen in the emerging technology sector, with new technologies to replace the old. For example, phone manufacturers like Apple and Samsung release newer versions of smartphones every year, not only creating new demand but as a result, make older phone models obsolete. This can be seen as a benefit to the economy by creating new demand and increasing consumer spending. However there are negative effects to this, new technologies often enter the market with little to no supervision. This can…