Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Most feminist political thought scholar support the notion that western political thought has failed to include women in the category of “human” and its emancipatory promise is illusory or even dishonest. However, this paper focuses on the strong evidence from Carole Pateman, which she claims that the whole story is not revealed especially with social contract writers. Also, the civilized age with the help of technology, keeps on following the footsteps of the political thought writers to make…

Summary of Lavoisier’s Memoir on Combustion in General Antoine Laurent Lavoisier was an 18th century French chemist who worked as a member of the the French Academy of Sciences. In the excerpts of Lavoisier’s Memoir on Combustion in General, he introduces to the other members of the Academy his idea of oxygen and its role in how combustion and calcination occurs. He also explains why the original theory of phlogiston, proposed by Georg Ernst Stahl, is not adequate to explain the two phenomenas.…

On account of the state of nature Locke argues a more humane argument I agree with that all man are equal and not one has more power than another versus Hobbes who argues that it should be a “war of all against all”. A war of “all” seems more like a world of chaos, as to Locke’s argument makes the world seem like a not to shameless of a place to reside in. Though there is no perfect world to live in, his state of nature is a close representation of how to obtain a perfect equality and freedom…

The theory of human nature or the state of nature as described by both Hobbes and Rousseau has been a philosophy that has been in constant question since the 17th century. Both Hobbes and Rousseau wrote on this topic a century a part from another and had similar yet distinct ideas in regards to the state of nature and the need for government or social contract. Hobbes ideology portrays man in a harsh and most depressing manner; his views are seen as cynical and pessimistic. Rousseau’s…

In the realm of political and religious influence, philosophical thought often finds itself at immense odds with the ruling parties. Endeavors of free will and personal betterment can lay in opposition with the goals of an overtly authoritarian ruling class, or even the supposed mass ignorance democracy is damned to fall liable to. John Stuart Mill expanded upon this greatly in Utilitarianism and On Liberty, equating the pursuit of personal liberty to be not only the “protection from tyrannical…

But, in addition to the general will, Rousseau makes use of two other types of will, particular and will-of-all. It is also crucial to understand these two forms of will. Firstly, particular will is the the desire of the individual person. An example in modern society would be a desire to have objects which cause pollution. Secondly, the will-of-all is simply the aggregate of particular wills. Rousseau states “[the will-of-all] is merely the sum of private wills” (172)…

Political literature is based on an author’s political way of thinking and how literature impacts society. In the article “Literature and Politics”, author John D. Lindberg says, “Any work of literature [...] the writer's personality has been shaped by the sociological and political environment of his time. Conversely, important works of literature [...] have brought about social and political change” (163). Both A Raisin in the Sun (from now on shown as Raisin) and To Kill a Mockingbird (from…

Victor Hugo says in Les Miserables, "Machiavelli is not an evil genius, nor a demon, nor a cowardly and miserable writer; he is nothing but the fact…" making it clear that contrary to the dominant belief he sees Machiavelli to just be the narrator of thing around him. Machiavelli’s, book the prince has been the centre of debate since the time it was written owing to its insight in the matters involving virtu, morality, fortuna, freewill, authority to exercise power and power itself. It is…

How does inequality form from a society created to treat men equally? In Rousseau’s Discourse on the Origin of Inequality Rousseau describes society as a gathering of people who leave the state of nature, to achieve their common goal through the rule of the higher power. The state of nature allows men to live equally with one another, where there is no authority leader. However, when men decided to form a society they gave up their rights of freedom and handed it over to a person of authority.…

The Enlightenment and Romanticism were time periods in European history that marked great change in European society. Enlightenment thinkers and Romantics were dissimilar in their ideas of what the human mind should seek, where people should turn their thoughts, and religion but similar in their ability to liberate the minds of citizens and focus on themselves. The Enlightenment and Romantic era were different in several ways. Firstly, the Enlightenment focused on logic, reason, and…