European Central Bank

three-pillar system which is composed of private commercial banks, public savings banks, and cooperative banks. The most influential aspect of the nation’s prosperity is the central bank of Germany, the Bundesbank, which…

This literature review explores the effect which quantitative easing has on modern economies during periods of economic crisis. It will discuss the most recent financial recession in 2008 and analyze the special asset purchase programs taken by central banks in an attempt to bring about economic recovery whilst also discussing the problems inherent in such a buy back strategy. Keywords: Quantitative easing, QE, LSAP, GDP, economy, inflation, unemployment, recession, financial markets, asset…

Central banks have never been stronger than now since they play an ultimate role in the growth of economies. Monetary policy is seen as the central tool of macroeconomic stabilization, and in some countries monetary policy is implemented by an independent central bank (Blinder, 1998). According to Singleton (2011), the world central banks have experienced two revolutions in the 1940s and 1980s, respectively. The former indicates that the central banks were less autonomous and were controlled by…

"HONG KONG — GDP is so 20th century. The measure has risen from humble beginnings during the Great Depression to be an essential gauge for governments and central banks the world over." (Agency Staff, 2016) GDP is struggling to keep pace with economic change, due to an increase in e-commerce where transactions occur instantaneously it has become increasingly difficult to track economic output. Also due to GDP's tendency of ignoring distribution effects it effectively doesn't entertain rising…

into normal again, one of the most im-portant things the policy wanted to do was to low the interest rate near zero, however, the Fed-eral Reserve has increased the rates of interest. In Europe there are others banks that are ex-panding the quantitative easing program, which will help to low the interest rate and to increase the money offer, also the Bank of Japan is expecting pick up the pace of its monetary easing. On the other hand, the emerging economies are tightening more than cutting-…

A fixed rate is a rate the government or in most cases the central bank sets and maintains as the official exchange rate. A set price will be determined against a major world currency. The most common currency countries usually fix to is the U.S. dollar. The local exchange rate is maintain by the central bank buys and sells its own currency on the foreign exchange market in return for the currency to which it is pegged. According to Xu unlike the fixed rate, a floating exchange rate is…

Report In the last five years, China and Chinese consumers play an important role in the growth of luxury industry. The dramatic growth of domestic economy fueled Chinese’s appetite for the finer goods in life. For Tiffany & Co., we have reached record number of sales in China in the past five year. Given such a great achievement, Tiffany & Co. is considering the retail expansion plan to enhance its appearance in China by opening four more new stores. However, three articles imply the concern…

object used for money was the item that had the most value for the society, Rome used salt, England used gold, the US used gold, and Ancient Egypt used cattle, the value of those items may not be worth much today. However in the time that they were currency that society viewed those items as worthy as a medium of exchange. Money is the means that we use to satisfy our needs, thus when society has money our needs can me satisfied and when it does not our needs cannot be satisfied. The value of…

In 1828 he was elected and again in 1832 so Jackson who started a the political movement called the “Bank War” and hated central banks let the bank expire in his last year in office and when Martin Van Buren succeeded Jackson he continued to close federal banks. (Annual Address to Congress, 1832) Van Buren was Jackson’s Secretary of State and Vice President during his second term. Because of this Van Buren very much agreed with Jackson about banks and not wanting them to be federally operated.…

any economic data supporting my guess. Nonetheless, the rate that treasury bonds increase is based on the demand, and the yield as an opposite effect. Since interest rates and inflation are low. The demands for Treasury notes are low, increasing the yield for 10 year treasury notes. The reason why the demand is low for these notes is because of the anticipation of increase interest rates from the Federal Reserve. For investors this reason is why they are waiting for interest rates to raise…