Curculionidae

Introduction. Forests are changing dramatically in the face of climate change and human activities. Since the 1800s, fire exclusion, animal grazing, timber harvest, and climate cycles have contributed to these changes (Graham and Jain 2005). In 2016, we are seeing unprecedented tree mortality—more than 62 million have died this year alone (USDA 2016). California experienced a fourth consecutive year of below-average precipitation in 2015 with mean monthly temperatures reaching record or near record highs in January, February, March, and June. Consecutive years of drought, over-stocked forests, and higher than average temperatures are a perfect recipe for fire. In 2015, fires consumed 846,872 acres of forest killing millions of trees and leaving surviving trees weakened and vulnerable to pests and diseases. Bark beetle outbreaks are often fueled by drought and fire-damaged trees, killing more trees and exacerbating the effects of climate change (CFPC 2015). This paper will be focusing on the decline of one of California’s most abundant species, the Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). Ponderosa pine trees have a wide range and can be found throughout the western United States, southern Canada, and northern Mexico (Little 1971). Here in California they primarily occupy mountainous regions but have been found in elevations ranging from sea level to 10,000 ft. depending on latitude (Oliver and Ryker 1990). Ponderosa pines are susceptible to further decline as we continue…

for the production of a crop. Harmful insects comprise many species but the prominent specie faced by the Kablon farm plantation are the Caspid bugs, Aphids, scale insects, Thrips, Ants, and more. Besides the fruit, someof these pests attack the whole plantation of the cacao.But what really affect the pods are mostly moths, and cacao pod borers. ORDER GROUP COMMON NAME (1) Hemiptera Capsidae (Miridae) Capsid bugs (2) Homoptera Aphididae Aphids, plant lice Coccidae Scale insects…

Strawberry blossom weevil (Anthonumus rubi). The strawberry blossom weevil (SBW) is one of the biggest pest in strawberry farming. It occurs every year and it is spread to the entire growing area in Sweden. It causes important yield loss and is a serious pest in conventional and organic strawberry farming. Non treated fields can results in 50% of the flower buds damaged and significant yield loss (Svensson, 2002). Biology The Strawberry blossom weevil, Anthonomus rubi (Herbst), is a small black…

(optimal temperatures). Both experiments showed the same relative trend of increased movement in a warm environment as opposed to decreased movement in a cold environment. Both trials had a much greater mean distance travelled over one minute in the warm environment than they did in the cold environment and statistical analysis preformed proved the results to be quite similar. Although much of T. molitors biology remains unpublished, two studies relating to our experimental findings are “Effects…