Cranial nerves

activates gustatory nerve fibers and Type III cells by binding to the P2X (on nerve fibers) or P2Y (Type III cells) receptors and also binds to purinergic receptors (P2Y) on Type II cells and promotes further release of ATP,…

passages may be narrowed (choanal stenosis) or completely blocked (choanal atresia). Individuals with CHARGE syndrome frequently have cranial nerve abnormalities. The cranial nerves emerge directly from the brain and extend to various areas of the head and neck, controlling muscle movement and transmitting sensory information. Abnormal function of certain cranial nerves can cause swallowing problems, facial paralysis, a sense of smell that is diminished (hyposmia) or completely absent (anosmia),…

Via cranial nerves it stimulates responses that are reflexive such as coughing, sneezing, vomiting, and salivating. Some sensory information is passed through this area of the brain from the cranial nerves and then relayed to higher structures of the brain like the thalamus. If this part of the brain does not function properly than the results could be fatal…

trunk lateral flexion to the left showing 2/5. The strength on the left side of his body could not be assessed to high tone. During the cranial nerve testing, cranial nerve I showed impairment in the right nostril causing inability to smell. There was nystagmus during the H-test. Slight deviation of the tongue during the assessment of the hypoglossal nerve was also observed. Reflexes were normal on the right, but the left biceps triceps and brachioradialis showed exaggerated…

By Jonas Wilson, Ing. Med. Surgical Options for Facial Palsy Facial nerve palsy arises due to damage to the seventh cranial nerve, which is known as the facial nerve. This damage may be due to injury, inflammation, infection, trauma or tumors. The resulting clinical presentation is drooping of the face or weakness of the facial muscles that may be uni- or bilateral. Managing facial nerve palsy may necessitate the use of pharmacotherapy, surgery and physiotherapy. There are numerous surgical…

the pathway of nerve impulses from the ear to the brain. The transmission of nerve impulses from the ear to the brain allow the subject to hear and interpret different sounds – for humans, this means we can understand language and can interact with one another. These impulses travel via the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve, which sends signals from the cochlea. The vestibulocochlear nerve is also known as the auditory or acoustic nerve and is the eighth cranial nerve which stems…

(Hajar). They would examined sensory nerves, motor nerves, and tendons in order to understand their functional differences. Around the 2nd century Galen of Pergamon, a Greek physician. Conducted animal experiments in the areas of anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology; he is the first to describe the complexities of the cardio system, and he also then found discoveries on brain and spinal cord function. In which he found seven out of the twelve cranial nerves (“Discover”). Also in the 18th…

closure is very complex and it can be disrupted.(2) When the backbone fails to form or close completely, spina bifida is the result.(1) This lack of closure can occur anywhere along the spine.(1) The location, size, and whether the spinal cord and nerves are affected determines the severity of physical and cognitive disabilities.(1) Spina bifida occurs in about 1,500 live births per year in the United States. Hispanic women have the highest rate of births of babies with spina bifida (3.8…

permanent damage. The following report will discuss a clinical case of a patient involved in a car accident. The accident caused a severe crush injury to his legs, leading to the potential of the aforementioned conditions. Furthermore, the patient's cranial nerve examination will be analysed to evaluate the level of head trauma sustained in the accident.…

The vagus nerve is a cranial nerve that mainly transports information from the body organs to the central nervous system. DeGiorgio et al. [60] showed in their doulbe-blind study on 195 patients that a stimulation of the vagus nerve can reduce the number of convulsions by more than 50% in 35% of the patients. The median reduction of the convulsions was 45%, and in 20% of…