Controller Pilot Data Link Communications

GC is a huge company with over one hundred branches spanning many countries, this implies that software compatibility is paramount. Buying a software package from one company has two huge advantages over splitting the purchase between vendors, mainly ensured compatibility and support. As the company is large and split up between countries, GC needs to be confident that the software is able to communicate with each other. Failure in this area means that each branch will be delayed in its response to customers possible data inconsistencies across branches. Support is another incentive to buy from a single company. Buying the software from a single company ensures that reliable and adequate support will be provided to GC in-case of a problem. Buying a package from two different companies means that support for the software will only be provided for the respective…

Figure 3 demonstrates the 3 layers that make up the SDN structure. Lowest layer represents the Infrastructure Layer or Forwarding Plane, mainly focusing on data forwarding but it also takes care of monitoring local information and gathering statistics. Next layer represents the Control Layer or Control Plane which is responsible for programming and managing the Forwarding Plane. Control Plane makes use of the information gathered by the Forwarding Plane in order to define the route and operation…

Unlike any other communication technology, Power Line Communications (PLC) is a technology whereby a sender modulates the data to be sent, injects it onto medium, and the receiver demodulates the data to read it. The basic difference is that in PLC no extra wiring is needed. Considering the ubiquity of power lines, it implies that with PLC, virtually all line-powered devices can be controlled or monitored. Generally, PLC uses the same electric cables for the purpose of power delivery and…

Wire Rope Wire Rope Definition and Types Wire rope is machine composed of individual wires that have been twisted to form strands and work together to achieve optimum results for the selected operation. Strands are then twisted, to form a wire rope. The parts of a wire rope illustrated in the figure below. The core is the foundation of the rope design. The main functionality of the core is to support the wire stands and maintain them in their position during the lifecycle of the product…

these differences. The services provided by the network layer should be independent of the topology subnet. The transport layer must be protected in the number, type, and topology of this connection subnet addresses are available on the transport layer and should be of a single numbering plan (also LAN and WAN) for data transfer. Four specific jobs performed by the Network layer: 1- Communication with the Transport layer Transport layer ensures reliable arrival of messages and offers error…

There are two major components to the MPLS architecture and they are control panel and data panel. The control panel has a complex function and is used to exchange the layer 3 routing information (RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, and IGRP) and labels (Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)). The data plane is used to forward the packets based on the destination address or labels. The routers that are capable of routing and switching in the MPLS domain are called LSR (Label Switch Routers). This routing and…

The comparison of lining and interlining materials are given in Table 13.2 Table 13.2 Comparison of lining and interlining materials Sl. No Lining Interlining 1 It is used inside of garments or garment components. It is used between two layers of fabric. 2 It is attached by sewing. It is attached by sewing or applying heat and pressure. 3 Finishing is not necessary. Sometimes finishing is necessary to improve its properties. E.g. shrink resist finish. Crease resists finish. 4 No coating is…

Text Data Computers represent information using bits. A bit string is a sequence of zero or more bits. This information is encoded by the sender and will be transmitted. The receiver then decodes the information. Data sent may be corrupted along the way because noise may interfere every time an information is transmitted to any channel. A channel is the physical medium through which information is transmitted. Examples of channels include telephone lines, internet cables, fiber optic lines,…

This specifies the general interface between the network layer (IP etc.) and the Data Link layer (Ethernet, Token Ring etc.) It’s the standard for the upper Data Link layer sublayer, also known as the Logical Link Control layer. It’s responsible for flow and error control. The Data Link layer wants to send some data over the network, 802.2 LLC helps make this possible. b. 802.3 – Ethernet 802.3 is the standard which Ethernet operates by. The original 802.3 standard is 10mbps. Commonly, Ethernet…

simplicity, and robustness, ability to combine with other heuristic procedures and independence from solution traits such as linear or non-linear constraints either in discrete or continuous search space. As there are different types of wavelength assignment algorithms important task is designing a physical topology where whole network quality depends. (1) Random Wavelength Assignment: Here, first all possible routes between a source-destination node pair is determined. After which all the free…