Cause of action

affirmative action cases, stating that race can be used as a factor in college admissions processes as long as it is used in a narrowly tailored way to further a compelling state interest in promoting diversity. Barbara Grutter was a white resident of Michigan who sued the University of Michigan’s Law School because she was denied admission, even though she had fulfilled all the requirements for undergraduate admission. But with the 5-4 decision in Grutter v. Bollinger…

The features of action potentials are: threshold, all or none, is regenerative, saltatory conduction and refractory period. The threshold is generated when the membrane of the cell is depolarize around -50mv to evoke the action to occur. Action potential is all or none because is either no action potential or a full amplitude of action potential. We say that action potential is regenerative since a new action potential is generated at each location along the cell membrane. The saltatory…

The cell is at rest at -70mV and as it gets more positive, it reaches threshold (gets more excited). This change in electrical potential also excites neighboring sodium and potassium channels to open up in a chain reaction, which is known as the action potential. Because the sodium influx at the beginning is faster than the outflux of potassium, the inside of axon at the beginning of the excitation is negative while the outside is positive. But a little after the first sodium and potassium ion…

This allows the action potential to move unidirectional. For instance, an action potential at the dendrites will move to the cell body, and then from the cell body it will be propagated in one direction along the axon until it gets to the terminal. The axons of some neurons have an extra layer called a myelin sheath (myelinated). The myelin sheath is an insulator that helps increase the velocity at which an action potential is propagated along an axon. The myelin…

Affirmative action policies are policies in which an institution or organization actively engages in multiple efforts to improve opportunities for historically marginalized and excluded groups in America (Pojman, 1998). These policies focus on both employment and education. In institutions of higher education, affirmative action refers to admission and recruitment policies that provide equal and equitable access to education for those groups that have been excluded or underrepresented, such as…

over other applicants with the same credentials. Many people think that affirmative action should be banned from college admissions to give each student a fair chance of acceptance based on their merits. The purpose of affirmative action was to create fairness for all applicants, but ironically it has created an unfair advantage with bias toward racial preferences. Court rulings have ruled against affirmative action and now require some schools to have a merit-based admission process, in turn…

On June 23rd of 2016, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that in the case of Fisher v. University of Texas At Austin, also known as Fisher II, affirmative action was fair and that Miss Fisher was not cheated out of a spot at UT Austin. Affirmative action is the act of benefiting people of an underprivileged group who presently or historically have known to be victims of inequity or discrimination. In terms of college applications, it means that African Americans, Native Americans, and…

The majority of nerves cells that make up the nervous system are excitable cells, as they have the ability to produce an electric current to formrom an action potential from using a concentration gradient of ions across their membrane (Sherwood, 2013). The current generated by the flow of sodium (〖Na〗^+) and potassium ( K^+)ions is called an action potential and occurs in three steps: depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization. First, a membrane potential 〖(V〗_m) is established by…

I. Introduction Action potentials are generated as a result of a neuron’s membrane reaching a specific threshold. In order to reach this threshold, a cell must depolarize. Typically, cells depolarize with the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels. During the rising phase of the action potential, these channels allow positive sodium ions to flow into the cell in what is called the depolarization phase. The flow of these ions into the cell is often referred to as the sodium current. Once the…

employees who took part in the strike action 12. If there is a ‘lock-out’ by management, employers cannot dismiss employees. 13. Legal strike action cannot be stopped by a court mandate. Factors That Lead to Strike Action 1. A conflict in negotiations between employers and employees. 2. Low wages: As a result of the economy, employees already paying minimum wages may demand an increase in salary and when this demand is denied, they take up strike action. 3. Dissatisfaction at the work…