Carbonyl

This lab was a two week long lab called the Grignard Reaction lab. The purpose of this lab was to perform the Grignard reaction and to obtain the final product triphenylmethanol from a halide, phenylmagnesium bromide and the starting material, methyl benzoate along with the Grignard reagent. Bromobenzene, magnesium turnings, and anhydrous ether were needed to form the Grignard reagent. To synthesize the reagent, react the reagent with methyl benzoate to form a tertiary alcohol. The objective of…

Experiment 5 Synthesis and NMR Spectroscopy of ethyl cinnamate Introduction: Wittig reactions involve the stereoselective synthesis of olefins from phosphonium ylides and aldehydes or ketones, where the carbonyl bond is converted to an alkene double bond.1 The variety of suitable reagents and the relatively mild experimental conditions facilitate their industrial applications, such as the synthesis of epoxides, esters, carotenoids and vitamin A.2,3 Specifically, the ester ethyl cinnamate is used…

have met before (in Chapter 14, for example), have been unstable intermediates in carbonyl group reactions, but in pyridine we have a stable imine—stable because of its aromaticity. All imines are more weakly basic than saturated amines and pyridine is a weak base with a pKa of 5.5. This means that the pyridinium ion as about as strong an acid as a carboxylic acid. Pyridine is a reasonable nucleophile for carbonyl groups and is often used as a nucleophilic catalyst in acylation reactions. Esters…

diabetes and associated cardiovascular complications through measuring various parameters. However, mefloquine doesn’t impart noticeable protection against diabetes and associated cardiovascular complications except glycemic index, TBARS and protein carbonyl content. Moreover, it is well known that oxidative stress was higher in diabetes condition which was observed by decreased levels of antioxidant enzyme levels in the present study and the drug treatment doesn’t show any noticeable effect on…

Carbohydrates are the molecular compounds that are made of three elements that include hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen (Baxter 10). The glucose and the sucrose are essential but are comparatively small molecules with RNA, DNA, glycoproteins, glycolipids, and ATP as other molecules. Carbohydrates are called the sugars in many cases, which provide a source of energy for the body cells, for instance, glucose and starch. The giant carbohydrates are building block, for instance, glycogen and cellulose.…

and poor antioxidant defenses. It has been reported that the aging brain is associated with the accumulation of markers of proteins, lipids, and DNA oxidative damage. It was shown that the aged brain is characterized by increased levels of protein carbonyls, 3-nitrotyrosine, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and diminished content of cardiolipin and protein thiols (RX-2013). Along with oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction also contributes to the aging brain. The most…

in the first step? The purpose of using concentrated sulfuric acid is to activate the reaction of salicylic acid and acetic anhydride and produce the acetylsalicylic acid, which is aspirin. The sulfuric acid is used to protonate oxygen atom of a carbonyl group of salicylic acid. 2. What would happen if the sulfuric acid were left out? Removal of catalytic acid from the reaction would slow down or not proceed at all because the phenol group on salicylic acid is not strong nucleophile. And it…

The reaction is characterized by the loss of electrons by borneol through the formation of carbonyl group from an alcohol.2 Several testes were utilized during this experiment and led to the conclusion that although the reaction did occur, the final product was not pure due to it being contaminated with sodium bisulfate. Oxidation reactions are…

structure that includes four linked hydrocarbon rings forming the steroid structure. The hydrocarbon tail links to one end of the steroid and a hydroxyl group linked to other end. While the hydroxyl group is able to form hydrogen bonds with nearby carbonyl oxygen of phospholipid. Additionally, cholesterol is an amphipathic macromolecule because it has a water-soluble polar region that dissolves in water, but almost the entire is non-polar which does not dissolves in water. It is also embedded in…

Wang et al. (2015) formulated a solid dispersion to improve the solubility and bioavailability of Ginkgo biloba extract (GE) through hot melt technology. The polymer studied were Kollidon® VA64/Kolliphor® RH40 (85:15) and the extrusion was carried out at 120-125⁰C with 100 RPM with 25% drug load. DSC and XRD studies confirmed the amorphous conversion of the GE and the dissolution carried in 250ml of 0.1N HCl showed that the dissolution of solid dispersion of GE was significantly improved (2-3…