Amplitude modulation

The amplitude and phase characteristics of an EOD can be manipulated in order to elucidate the receptive fields of the electrosensory neurons of the lateral line lobe. The experiment described above involving the Eigenmannia in a two-compartment chamber apparatus allows researchers to identify the approximate location of the neuron’s receptive field responding to amplitude modulations (Heiligenberg 1987). In order to identify the approximate location of the receptive fields for neurons that are responding to phase modulations, a different, more complicated, strategy must be employed (Heiligenberg 1987). By suspending the fish in a bigger tank and surrounding it with a variety of electrodes that will be used as the jamming signal, the neurons…

INTRODUCTION Millimeter wave therapy is the exposure to a frequency that ranges from 30-300 GHz. This frequency is located in the radio frequency region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Due to the extremely small wavelength the frequency will only penetrate up to 2 mm of skin. In therapy the frequency is irradiated on certain parts of the tissue, depending on the specific treatment and energy it is deposited in the skin causing a variety of beneficial reactions. In the Former Soviet Union…

2. QPSK: When a data is transmitted using BPSK technique the channel bandwidth required is 2fb. The QPSK technique reduces that bandwidth to fb. It is a multilevel phase modulation. In this two successive bits in a bit stream are combined together to form a message and each message is represented by distinct value of phase shift of a carrier. The QPSK signal is represented as. Since there are 4 phases it is called as 4-PSK or Quadrature PSK systems [6][7]. 3. QAM: QAM improves the noise…

2 OFDM SYSTEM:- OFDM system is divided into three parts 1. multi carrier modulation 2. frequency division multiplexing 3. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. 1.Frequency division multiplexing:- Frequency Division Multiplexing is a form of signal multiplexing which involves assigning non – overlapping frequency ranges or channels to different signals or to each user of a medium. A gap is left between each of these channels to ensure that the signal of one channel does not overlap with…

same theme but it appears in 5th above which starts in ‘G’ (1 Figure). This theme appears again and again as the modulated form through the whole movement. It sounds pretty simple but it plays very important role in this movement because it sets center tonality of this movement. Also, this movement starts with this theme and also ends with this theme so it contributes to establishing coherence of the movement (2 Figure). This can explain the ‘organic’ sense which Solie, the author of article…

In order to get a good design, the bandwidth of modulation need to be minimized for transmission. A transmission bandwidth that has a greater magnitude than the bandwidth required for the minimum signal is used by the spread spectrum. The advantage of spread spectrum is that it can be many users use the same bandwidth at the same time without interfering with each other. However, this is not good for a few number of users because it is not economic. Spread spectrum is a form of wireless…

This artifact is primary based on sample rates and to see the effects of sample rates by using Sinusoidal waves. Sinusoidal waves can be represented using frequency and period. The Frequency of a Sinusoidal wave is the number of complete cycles that happen in a particular period of time or in a given sample. The Period in terms of Sinusoidal waves, is the time it takes to perform one complete cycle. The Sinusoidal wave is a series of identical cycles happening repeatedly. The sample rate is the…

Chapter eight of the text Sound and Recording by Francis Rumsey and Tim McCormick, discusses the principles of digital audio, and contrasts digital with analog. The text also illustrates how digital and analog work together to produce desired sound. In the world of audio there are two types; digital and analog. Analog can be described as physical or tangible in a sense, being etched onto some type of media. Digital however, is a representation of the audio waveform, which is converted into a…

RADIOWAVE OUTDOOR PROPAGATION MODELS General definition: • They are empirical mathematical formulation for the characterization of radio wave propagation as a function of frequency, distance and other conditions. • These models predict the path loss (i.e. the reduction in power density of an electromagnetic wave as it propagates through space or underground) of a transmitter and also the effective coverage area of transmitter. We know that when a signal travels from a wireless channel, it…

for himself and the projects he was working on. He wouldn’t let anyone stand in the way of his end goal, to a fault. Even after he had to end up using FM frequencies, he did everything in his power to discredit Armstrong and all the work Armstrong had done to advance the industry. Both of these men, Sarnoff and de Forest, contributed to radio broadcasting, but both took action selfishly and stubbornly. The individual that I think was the most instrumental in the development of…