Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Capital
|
money or wealth used to invest in business of enterprise
|
|
Entrepreneur
|
person who assumes financial risks in the hope of making a profit
|
|
Urbanization
|
movement of people from rural areas to cities
|
|
Tenement
|
multistory building divided into crowded apartments
|
|
Congress of Vienna
|
assembly of European leaders that met after the Napoleonic era to piece Europe back together; met from September 1814 to June 1815
|
|
Utilitarianism
|
idea goal of society should be to bring greatest happiest to greatest # of people
|
|
Socialism system
|
people as a whole own all property and operate all businesses; government controls part of economy
|
|
Proletariat
|
working class
|
|
Bourgeoisie
|
middle class
|
|
Communism
|
classless society; all wealth and property would be owned by community as a whole
|
|
Ideology
|
system of thought and belief; value system or perspective
|
|
Labor Union
|
workers’ organization
|
|
Realpolitik
|
realistic politics based on the needs of the state
|
|
Kaiser
|
emperor of Germany
|
|
Chancellor
|
the highest official of a monarch; prime minister
|
|
Annex
|
add a territory to an existing state or country
|
|
Reich
|
German empire
|
|
Entente
|
nonbinding agreement to follow common policies
|
|
Militarism
|
glorification of the military
|
|
Alsace and Lorraine
|
provinces on the border of Germany and France, lost by France to Germany in 1871, regained by France after World War I
|
|
Ultimatum
|
final set of demands
|
|
Mobilize
|
prepare military forces for war
|
|
Neutrality
|
policy of supporting neither side in a war
|
|
Stalemate
|
deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other
|
|
Zeppelin
|
large gas-filled balloon
|
|
U-boat
|
German submarine
|
|
Convoy
|
group of merchant ships protected by warships
|
|
Dardanelles
|
vital strait connecting the Black Sea and the Mediterranean sea in present-day Turkey
|
|
Total War
|
channeling of nation’s entire resources into a war effort
|
|
Conscription
|
“the draft,” which required all young men to be ready for military or other service
|
|
Contraband
|
during wartime, military supplies and raw material needed to make military supplies that may be legally be confiscated by any belligerent
|
|
Propaganda
|
spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause
|
|
Atrocity
|
horrible act committed against innocent people
|
|
Fourteen Points
|
list of terms for resolving WWI and future wars outlined by President Woodrow Wilson
|
|
Self-determination
|
right of people to choose their own form of government
|
|
Armistice
|
agreement to end fighting in a war
|
|
Pandemic
|
spread of disease across a large area, country, continent, or the entire world
|
|
Reparations
|
payment for war damage, or damage caused by imprisonment
|
|
Collective Security
|
system in which a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace of all
|
|
Mandate
|
after WWI, a territory administered by a Western power
|
|
Soviet
|
council of workers and soldiers set up by Russian revolutionaries in 1917
|
|
Cheka
|
early Soviet secret police force
|
|
Commissar
|
Communist party officials assigned to army to teach party principles and ensure party loyalty during the Russian Revolution
|
|
Black Shirts
|
any member of the militant combat squads of Italian Fascists set up under Mussolini
|
|
March on Rome
|
planned march of thousands of Fascist supporters to take control of Rome; Mussolini was given the legal right to control Italy in response
|
|
Totalitarian state
|
government in which a one-party dictatorship regulates every aspect of citizen’s lives
|
|
Fascism
|
centralized, authoritarian government system whose policies glorify the state over the individual are destructive to basic human rights
|
|
Command Economy
|
system in which government officials made all basic economic decisions
|
|
Collectives
|
large farm owned and operated by peasants as a group
|
|
Kulaks
|
wealthy peasant in the Soviet Union in the 1930's
|
|
Gulag
|
system of forced labor camps in USSR; millions of criminals and political prisoners held under Stalin
|
|
Socialist Realism
|
artistic style whose goal was to promote socialism by showing Soviet life in a positive light
|
|
Russification
|
making a nationality’s culture more ethnically Russian
|
|
Atheism
|
belief that there is no god
|
|
Comintern
|
Communist International; association of communist parties led by USSR
|
|
Ruhr Valley
|
coal-rich industrial region of Germany
|
|
Third Reich
|
official name of the Nazi party for its regime in Germany, held power 1933-1945
|
|
Gestapo
|
secret police in Nazi Germany
|
|
Nuremberg Laws
|
laws approved by Nazi Party depriving Jews of German citizenship and took rights
|
|
Ultranationalist
|
extreme nationalist
|
|
Appeasement
|
policy of giving into an aggressor’s demands in order to keep the peace
|
|
Blitzkrieg
|
lightning war
|
|
V-E Day
|
Victory in Europe Day, May 8, 1945, the day the Allies won WWII in Europe
|
|
Pacifism
|
opposition to all war
|
|
Neutrality Acts
|
a series of acts passed by US Congress that aimed to keep US from fighting in WWII
|
|
Axis Powers
|
group of countries led by Germany, Italy, and Japan; fought the Allies in WWII
|
|
Anschluss
|
union of Austria and Germany
|
|
Sudetenland
|
a region of western Czechoslovakia
|
|
Nazi-Soviet Pact
|
agreement between Germany and USSR; promised not to fight each other and divide up land in Easter Europe (Poland)
|
|
Luftwaffe
|
German air force
|
|
Dunkirk
|
port in France where 300,00 Allied troops were evacuated when retreat by land was cut of by German advance
|
|
Vichy
|
city in central France where a puppet state governed unoccupied France and the French colonies
|
|
Rommel
|
German military leader also known as “desert fox”
|
|
Concentration Camps
|
detention center for civilians considered enemies of the state
|
|
Holocaust
|
systematic genocide of about 6 million European Jews by Nazis during WWII
|
|
Lend-Lease
|
passed by US Congress allowing President FDR to sell/lend war supplies to any country whose defense was considered vital to the US
|
|
Aircraft Carrier
|
ship that accommodates take off and landing of airplanes, and transport aircraft
|
|
Eisenhower
|
American general, trapped Rommel’s army in El Alemein
|
|
Stalingrad
|
city in southwestern Russia; site of fierce battle during WWI
|
|
D-Day
|
code name for day Allied forces invaded France June 6, 1944
|
|
Yalta Conference
|
meeting between Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin February 1945; made agreements regarding the end of WWII
|
|
Bataan Death March
|
during WWII, the forced march of Filipino and American prisoners of war under brutal conditions by the Japanese military
|
|
Island-hopping
|
Allied strategy of recapturing Japanese-held islands while bypassing others
|
|
Kamikaze
|
Japanese pilot who undertook a suicide mission
|
|
Manhattan Project
|
code name for the project to build the first atomic bomb during WWII
|
|
Hiroshima
|
mid-sized city in Japan where the first atomic dropped in August 1945
|
|
Nagasaki
|
city in Japan where the second atomic was dropped in August 1945
|
|
Superpower
|
a nation stronger than other powerful nations
|
|
Anti-ballistic missiles
|
ABMS; missiles that can shoot down other missiles
|
|
Dètente
|
the relaxation of Cold War tensions during the 1970's
|
|
Ideology
|
system of thought and belief; value system or perspective
|
|
containment
|
the US strategy of keeping communism within its existing boundaries and preventing its further expansion
|
|
Kibbutz
|
a collective farm in Israel
|
|
Secular
|
nonreligious
|
|
Hejab
|
headscarves and loose-fitting, ankle-length garments meant to conceal
|
|
Suez Canal
|
links the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean
|
|
theocracy
|
government ruled by religious leaders
|
|
Occupied territories
|
areas that Israel seized from Egypt, Jordan, and Syria and occupied in 1967, inhabited mainly by Palestinian Arabs
|
|
Intifada
|
Palestinian Arab uprisings against the Israeli occupation
|
|
Jerusalem
|
capital of Jewish state of Judea in ancient times; city sacred to Jews, Muslims, and Christians, parts of which claimed by both Israel and Palestinian Arabs
|
|
Militia
|
armed groups of citizen soldiers
|
|
No-fly zone
|
areas where the US and allies banned flights by Iraqi aircraft after 1991 Gulf War
|
|
WMDs
|
“Weapons of Mass Destruction”; biological, nuclear, or chemical weapons
|
|
insurgent
|
rebel forces
|
|
Great Leap Forward
|
Chinese Communist program to boost farm and industrial output that failed miserably
|
|
Cultural Revolution
|
Chinese Communist program to purge China of non-revolutionary tendencies that caused economic and social damage
|
|
One-child policy
|
Chinese government policy limiting urban families to a single child
|
|
Tienanmen Square
|
a huge public plaza at the center of China’s capital, Beijing
|