Wood

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Primer

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paint that you put on the surface of wood, metal etc before you put on the main layer of paint

a tube that contains explosive and is used to fire a gun or explode a bomb

a book that contains basic information about somethingprimer on/ofa primer on Italian wines

a school book that contains very basic facts about a subject

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Comprise v kem'priz

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not used in the progressive tenses) (formal)1 (also be comprised of) ~ sth to have sb/sth as parts or members

to be the parts or members that form sth make sth upOlder people comprise a large

proportion of those living in poverty

to be the parts or members that form sth make sth upOlder people comprise a large proportion of those living in poverty

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Ravage. Raevid3 v1

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Verb formto damage something very badly:a country ravaged by civil warHis health was gradually ravaged by drink and drugs

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Secretion n2 si'krishen. N3

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the process by which liquid substances are produced by parts of the body or plantsthe secretion of bile by the liver

a liquid substance produced by parts of the body or plantsbodily secretions

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Resin

Resinous

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countable, uncountable]1 a sticky substance that is produced by some trees and is used in making varnish, medicine, etc.2 an artificial substance similar to resin, used in making plastics

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Fortification n1

Fortify

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the process of making something stronger or more effective

2fortifications [plural] towers, walls etc built around a place in order to protect it or defend it:a site of ancient fortifications dating from about 500 B.C

Fortify

1to build towers, walls etc around an area or city in order to defend it:The town was heavily fortified

to make food or drinks more healthy by adding vitamins to them

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Sinister adj1

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seeming evil(i:vel) or dangerous; making you think sth bad will happen

here was something cold and sinister about him. There is another, more sinister, possibility. We needn't assume that there was a sinister motive for what she did

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Eerie. Iri

Eerily

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strange and frightening:the eerie sound of an owl hooting at night

strange, mysterious and frightening

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Cult n/adj. Adj1

Cult movie/book

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only before noun]very popular with a particular group of people; treating sb/sth as a cult figure, etc

The singer has become a cult figure in America. The cartoon has achieved cult status. The TV series has a cult following among young people.

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Buff n/adj/v verb

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to polish something with a cloth:Sandra was buffing her nails

someone who is interested in wine, films etc and knows a lot about them2[uncountable] a pale yellow-brown colour

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Plywood. Plaiwood n1

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uncountable]board made by sticking thin layers of wood on top of each othersheets of plywood plywood furniture

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Venue

Music venue

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a place where people meet for an organized event, for example a concert, sporting event or conference

Please note the change of venue for this event

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Contour kantur

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the outer edges of sth; the outline of its shape or formThe road follows the natural contours of the coastline. She traced the contours of his face with her finger

2 (also ˈcontour line) a line on a map that joins points that are the same height above sea levela contour map (= a map that includes these lines

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Ornamental o:rne'mentl adj

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used as decoration rather than for a practical purpose

to be used for a particular purpose:ornamental gardensThe pillars in the centre are purely ornamental

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Finish n3

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the last covering of paint, polish, etc. that is put onto the surface of sth; the condition of the surface

the final details that are added to sth to make it completeThe bows will give a feminine finish to the curtains

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Genus d3ines n1

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one of the groups into which scientists divide animals or plants, in which the animals or plants are closely related but cannot produce babies together. A genus includes fewer members than a family and more members than a species

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Loanword. Lounw3rd

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a word from another language used in its original form‘Latte’ is a loanword from Italian

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Indigenous in'did3enes adj1

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(formal)belonging to a particular place rather than coming to it from somewhere else nativethe indigenous peoples/languages of the area~ to… The kangaroo is indigenous to Australia

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Unsustainable

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unable to continue at the same rate or in the same way:unsustainable economic growth

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Legislation n2

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law or set of laws:This is a very important piece of legislation (=law)

egislation onthe legislation on abortion

The government has promised to bring in new legislation to combat this problem

Under new/existing/current etc legislationBoth individuals and companies can be prosecuted under the new legislation

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Lathe leith

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15 centuries), perhaps from Danish lada machine that shapes wood or metal, by turning it around and around against a sharp tool

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Manoeuvrable me^'nu:verebel

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adjectivethat can easily be moved into different positionsa highly manoeuvrable vehicle

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Automatet

Auto

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A o:temeited. A:

A:tou

1of or by yourself:an autobiography

2working by itself:a camera with an auto-focus lens

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Scorch n0//v

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. to burn and slightly damage a surface by making it too hot; to be slightly burned by heatI scorched my dress when I was ironing it. Don't stand so near the fire—your coat is scorching!2 [transitive, intransitive] ~ (sth) to become or to make sth become dry and brown, especially from the heat of the sun or from chemicalsscorched grass The leaves will scorch if you water them in the

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Clog v1/n1

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to block something or become blocked:tourists whose cars clog the roads each summerclog withOver many years, the pipes had got clogged up with grease.—clogged adjective:clogged highways

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Kaleidoscope ke'lai

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1a pattern, situation, or scene that is always changing and has many details or bright colourskaleidoscope ofa kaleidoscope of cultures

2a tube with mirrors and pieces of coloured glass at one end, which shows coloured patterns when you turn it

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Chisel tsize^l n/v

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a metal tool with a sharp edge, used to cut wood or stone

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Laminated ˈlæmɪneɪtəd adj2

Laminate

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1laminated material is made by joining several thin layers on top of each other:laminated glass2covered with a thin layer of plastic for protection:a laminated ID card

laminated material

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Applique ˌæpləˈkeɪ n

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the process of sewing pieces of material onto a piece of clothing for decoration, or the pieces themselves

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Hygiene ˈhaɪdʒiːn

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the practice of keeping yourself and the things around you clean in order to prevent diseases:the importance of personal hygieneoral/dental hygienea food hygiene training coursegood/poor/proper hygieneThe Consumers’ Association blames poor hygiene standards

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Obstruct əbˈstrʌkt

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to block a road, an entrance, a passage, etc. so that sb/sth cannot get through, see past, etcYou can't park here, you're obstructing my driveway. First check that the accident victim doesn't have an obstructed airway

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Urine ˈjʊərɪn

Urea jʊˈriːə

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the yellow liquid waste that comes out of the body from the bladder

a clear substance containing nitrogen that is found especially in urine

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Vinly ˈvaɪnɪl n2

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1a type of strong plastic2records that are played on a record player – used especially when comparing them to CDs

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Ingest v1 ɪnˈdʒest

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to take food, drugs, etc. into your body, usually by swallowingFood is the major source of ingested bacteria

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Porous ˈpɔːrəs adj2

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1allowing liquid, air etc to pass slowly through many very small holes:porous material2easy to pass through or get into something:the porous border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic

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Seep v2

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especially of liquids) to flow slowly and in small quantities through sth or into sth trickleBlood was beginning to seep through the bandages. Water seeped from a crack in the pipe. (figurative) Gradually the pain seeped away

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Frugal ˈfruːɡəl adj2

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1careful to buy only what is necessary OPP extravagant:As children we were taught to be frugal and hard-working.He led a remarkably frugal existence.2a frugal meal is a small meal of plain food SYN simple OPP extravagant:a frugal breakfast

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Sap n/v

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the liquid in a plant or tree that carries food to all its partsMaple syrup is made from sap extracted from the sugar maple tree.2 [countable] (informal, especially NAmE) a stupid person that you can easily trick, or treat unfairlyThe poor sap never knew what was going on behind his back

to make sth/sb weaker; to destroy sth gradually~ sthThe hot sun sapped our energy.~ sb (of sth) Years of failure have sapped him of his confidence

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Gum n/v verb gum up

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together using glue SYN gluegum something to somethingA large label had been gummed to the back of the photograph.gum something ↔ up phrasal verb informalto prevent a machine from moving and working properly:Dirt had got inside the watch and gummed up the works.