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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is Social Cognition? |
The cognitive processes & structures that influence, & areinfluenced by, social behaviour |
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Explain Cognitive Consistency: |
COGNITIVE CONSISTENCY: people strive for consistency amongcognitions as inconsistency is unpleasant ► BUT... people are remarkably tolerant of cognitive inconsistency |
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Explain Naive Scientist: |
NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world
► Errors are due to limited or inaccurate information & motivational considerations (e.g. self-interest) ► BUT... even in ideal circumstances, people are not very careful scientists & still make errors |
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Explain Cognitive Miser: |
COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours
► people are limited in capacity to process information, take numerous cognitive shortcuts ► BUT... what about motivation? |
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Explain Motivated Tactician: |
MOTIVATED TACTICIAN: people have multiple cognitive strategiesavailable, from which they choose on the basis of personal goals,motives, and needs ► e.g. can use quick, automatic heuristics without deliberating in some contexts & controlled, effortful thinking with carefuldeliberation in others |
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Explain Social Neuroscience: |
SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE • Explores the neurologicalunderpinnings of processestraditionally examined by socialpsychology ► use of fMRI to study brainphenomena, e.g. during socialrejection/inclusion |
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Define Impression: |
IMPRESSION: an idea, feeling, or opinion about something orsomeone, especially one formed without conscious thought or onthe basis of little evidence |
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Define Impression Formation: |
IMPRESSION FORMATION: the way in which we developperceptions of a person
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Explain Person Perception: |
PERSON PERCEPTION: the process through which people observeother people, interpret information about them, draw inferencesabout them, & develop mental representations of them ► provides the basis for the way we think, feel, and behavetowards others |
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What does Impression Formation involve? |
Observation of others’... ► traits ► physical characteristics (e.g. clothes, grooming) ► verbal & non-verbal behaviours Inferences about their... ► other characteristics, traits ► personality ► demographics, social group memberships ► motives, feelings, attitudes, interests ► likely future behaviours |
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What is Algebraic Impression Formation? |
People combine attributes/traits that have valence into an overall positive or negative impression (Anderson, 1978) |
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List and Describe the Algebraic Impression Formation types: |
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What is Configural Impression Formation? |
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Some pieces of information have a disproportionately largeinfluence on the shaping of the whole ► Central traits: traits that have a disproportionate impact on overall impressions ► Peripheral traits: traits that have little impact on overall impressions |
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What is the Sensation vs Perception Bias? |
SENSATION vs PERCEPTION
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What is the Order Effects Bias? |
ORDER EFFECTS: order in which information about person is presented can have profound impact on impression |
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Describe the Order Effect of Primacy: |
Primacy: information presented first disproportionately influenceimpression (stronger & more common) ► central traits that affect interpretation of later traits? ► more attention given to first trait? |
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Describe the Order Effect of Recency: |
Personality Recency: information presented later has more impact thanearlier information
► when distracted ► when little motivation to attend |
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What is the Positivity Bias? |
Positive impressions are typically formed in the absence of any(negative) information ► more easily changed in light of subsequent negative info |
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What is the Negativity Bias? |
Negative impressions are formed when there is any sign ofnegative information ► difficult to change in light of subsequent positive information ► we are biased towards negativity – WHY? > unusual & distinctive – attracts our attention> signifies potential danger – detection has survival value |
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Describe Implicit Personality Theories: |
IMPLICIT PERSONALITY THEORIES
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Describe the Attractiveness Bias: |
ATTRACTIVENESS
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Define a Schema: |
Schema: cognitive structure that represents knowledge andbeliefs about a specific category (e.g. concept, type of stimulus).
► schemas “fill in” missing details
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What is a Prototype Schema? |
CATEGORY Prototype: abstract, cognitive representation of the typical/idealcategory member (with all the category’s defining features) |
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What is a Exemplar Schema? |
CATEGORY Exemplars: specific, concrete example of a category member ► can vary in how prototypical they are (i.e. how many defining category features they have) |
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Explain Self Schema: |
Self schema: individualised knowledge structures about the self
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Explain Person Schema: |
Person schema: individualised knowledge structures aboutspecific people (e.g. partner, friend, parent, celebrities) |
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Explain Role Schema: |
Role schema: knowledge structures about role occupants(e.g. doctor, waitress, lecturer) |
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Explain Social Group Schema/Stereotypes: |
Social group schemas/stereotypes: knowledge structures aboutsocial groups (e.g. women, gay people, Asians) |
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Explain Event Schema/Scripts: |
Event schemas/scripts: knowledge structures about events(e.g. attending a lecture, going to a restaurant, plane trips) |
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Explain Content-free Schema: |
PSYC1030: Personality Content-free schema: rules for processing information |
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What causes change to a Schema? |
Change occurs via exposure to schema-inconsistent evidence: ► book-keeping: change is gradual, as evidence accumulates ► conversion: change is sudden, after critical mass of evidence ► sub-typing: sub-categories to accommodate evidence |
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What is a Heuristic? |
Cognitive shortcuts that provide adequately accurate inferences formost of us, most of the time
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Describe a Representative Heuristic: |
REPRESENTATIVE HEURISTIC
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Describe an Availability Heuristic: |
AVAILABILITY HEURISTIC
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Describe Anchoring & Adjustment Heuristic: |
ANCHORING & ADJUSTMENT HEURISTIC
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Describe Confirmation Bias: |
CONFIRMATION BIAS
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