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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Explain the Development of the Self: |
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What are the functions of the Self? |
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Describe William James and the Self: |
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Describe Sigmund Freud and the Self: |
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Describe George H. Mead (Symbolic Interactionism) and the Self: |
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Describe Erik Erikson and the Self: |
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List the Conceptions of Self: |
“The self-concept [contains] a repertoire of relatively discrete &often quite varied identities...”
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What is a Self-Schema? |
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What is the Self Discrepancy Theory? |
We have three types of self-schema:
► ‘Actual’ self: How we think we currently are ► ‘Ought’ self: How we think we should be ► ‘Ideal’ self: How we would like to be |
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Describe the relationship between discrepancies and the Self-Discrepancy theory: |
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Describe Introspection and Self Reflection: |
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Describe Self Disclosure: |
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Describe Feedback from Others: |
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Describe Social Comparison: |
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Describe Inferences from own Behaviour: |
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Explain the Over-Justification Effect: |
Over-justification effect: the tendency for people to view theirbehaviour as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, makingthem underestimate the extent to which it can be caused byintrinsic reasons ► Intrinsic motivation:The desire to engage in an activity because we enjoy it or findit interesting, not because of external rewards/pressure ► Extrinsic motivation:The desire to engage in an activity because of externalreasons, not because we enjoy it or find it interesting |
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Describe the Self Categorisation Theory: |
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Explain Carver & Scheier's types of Self & Identity: |
Private self ► how you see yourself ► private thoughts, feelings, & attitudes ► unconscious thoughts, feelings, & attitudes Public self ► how (you think) others see you ► how you (think you) come across to others ► public reputation |
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Explain Brewer & Gardner's types of Self & Identity: |
Individual self
► defined by personal traits that differentiate self from others Relational self ► defined by dyadic relationships Collective self ► defined by group or category membership |
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Describe Tajfel & Turners broad class of identity: (1) |
Social identity
► sense of self derived from group memberships (e.g. family, sports team, ethnic group) ► attributes shared with the group that differentiate one individual from other groups (outgroups) ► relate to others as members of groups (I’m a member of group A, you’re a member of group A/B/C!) ► I am a man, I am Asian, I am a psychologist |
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Describe Tajfel & Turners broad class of identity: (2) |
Personal identity
► sense of self derived from unique traits & close personalrelationships ► unique attributes that differentiate one individual from another ► relate to others as individuals (I’m me, you’re you!) ► I am Michael Thai, I am the 1002PSY course convenor |
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Explain Brewer's types of Self & Identity: |
Person-based social identities ► reflects extent to which group membership is represented as integral part of an individual’s self-concept (group properties internalised) Relational social identities ► reflects interpersonal relationships within larger group context Group-based social identities ► reflects extent to which individual perceives self as an integral part of larger group Collective identities ► reflects an active process of achieving collective efforts as a group, rather than just “grouping” collectively |
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What is Self Enhancing Triad? |
Above-average Effect ► consider ourselves better than average compared to others ► even when criteria on which self and others are judged is identical Illusions of Control ► overestimate control we have over outcomes & contingencies ► see our actions as influential, even when they are inconsequential Unrealistic Optimism ► believe life will hold a greater number of positive experiences andfewer negative experiences compared to others |
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Describe feelings on high self-esteem: |
High self-esteem: ► hold favourable views about the self ► consider self competent, likeable, attractive, morally good ► focus on self-enhancement |
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Describe feelings on low self-esteem: |
Low self-esteem
► absence of strong favourable views about the self ► don’t want to fail but are less confident they can achieve ► conflicted/less certain/less stable ideas about self ► focus on self-protection – avoid failure, embarrassment & rejection, rather than take chances or pursue opportunities thatmight lead to success |
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Explain Categorisation and Social Identity: |
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Explain Comparison and Social Identity: |
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Describe the effects of being a Stigmatised Group: |
► join with other ingroup members in quest to establish more equal status relative to the majority group ► identify or develop ingroup characteristics that provide a sense of uniqueness and positivity (e.g. language & culture) ► attribute failures to prejudice/discrimination |
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What is Impression Management? |
• The use of strategies to monitor & control one’s behaviour so as tobe viewed by others in a positive light ► strategic self-presentation: goal to influence others & gain rewards ► expressive self-presentation: goal to present ourselves in a manner that is consistent with ourself-image |
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What is Strategic Self-Presentation |
• Shape behaviour to project the impression we feel the audienceor situation demands
► self-promotion: get others to think you are competent ► ingratiation: get others to like you ► intimidation: get others to think you are dangerous ► exemplification: get others to regard you as morally respectable ► supplication: get others to take pity on you as helpless & needy |
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What is Self-Monitoring? |
Extent to which people engage in impression managementstrategies
Correlates; high self-monitors tend to be: ► accurate judges of other people’s emotional states ► perceived by others as friendly & likeable ► good at remembering information about others ► not shy in social situations, more likely to initiate conversation |