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169 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
the reversible exchange of ions between a liquid and a solid. |
Ion Exchange |
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the process whereby impurities present in the incoming fluid (water) are removed by exchanging impure ions with H+ and OH‑ ions, resulting in the formation of pure water.
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Demineralize
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an ion with a negative charge.
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Anion
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an ion with a positive charge
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Cation |
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3 reasons for removing impurities in Rx water:
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To minimize corrosion
To minimize radiation levels To minimize fouling of heat transfer surfaces. |
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are large molecules formed by the combining many molecules of one or two compounds in a repeating structure that produces long chains.
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Polymers
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a vessel, usually with a volume of several cubic feet, that contains the resin.
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Mixed-bed demineralizer
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9o99_
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a ratio of the concentration (or activity) of the fluid at the inlet compared to the concentration (or activity) at the effluent, which expresses the effectiveness of an ion exchange process.
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Decontamination Factor
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ion exchange resins are formed in the shape of very small beads, called ______, with an average diameter of about 0.005 millimeters.
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resin beads
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The relative strength of the ionic attraction between different ions
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Relative Affinity
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5 filtration mediums (7)
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Ion exchangers
Sand Activated Charcoal Anthracite Diatomaceous Earth |
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How mixed-bed ion exchangers control PH
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As reactor coolant passes through the ion exchange system, ionic impurities will be removed and NH4+ and OH‑ will be added. |
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Resin Malfunctions (9)
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Channeling
Breakthrough Exhaustion |
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the attraction between a resin and a given ion
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Affinity
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a ratio of the concentration (or activity) of the fluid at the inlet compared to the concentration (activity) at the effluent, which expresses the effectivenes of an ion exchange process.
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Decontamination Process
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exchanges positive ions
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Cation Resin
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Exchanges negative ions
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Anion Resin
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We use the _____ to classify atoms.
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Atomic Number
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when the shared pair of electrons is not shared equally, one end of the bond is positive, and the other end is negative. This produces a bond with two poles.
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Polar Covalent Bond
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Is defined as the number of equivalents of solute dissolved in one liter of solution
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Normality
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The loss of electrons by one substance and the simultaneous gaining of electrons by another
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Oxidation- reduction Process
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Dissolved solids _____ conductivity
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Increase
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Methods to control general corrosion?
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Passivation
Cathodic protection Removal of corrosive agents Chemical Additions |
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Formation of an oxide layer
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Passivation
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Problems with Crud
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Foul heat transfer
radiation radiative hot spots crud burst lead to more corrosion complicates disposal of coolant |
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Locations susceptible to galvanic corrosion?
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Condenser tubes- brass
condenser tube sheet - steel allow |
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Methods to minimize galvanic corrosion?
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insulate the junction |
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formation of a compound, between the metal atoms on the surface of a grain boundary,of a monomolecular layer of the substance
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Chemisortion
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anerobic
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a condition in which atmospheric or dissolved oxygen is not present in the aquatic environment
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composite sample
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A collection of individual samples obtained at regular intervals combined together and analyzed to determine the average condition during the sampling period.
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Customer confidence report
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An annual report prepared by the water utility to provide customer information on source and quality of water .
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cryptosporidium
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Hey water-borne intestinal parasite that causes cryptosporidiosis in infected humans
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evaprotranspiration
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The total water removed from an area by transpiration (plants) and evaporation from soil, Snow and water surfaces.
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finished water
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water that has passed through a treatment plant and is ready to be delivered to the customer.
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giardia
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A waterborne intestinal parasite that causes giadiasis. in infected humans.
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grab sample
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a single sample of water collected at a particular time and place which represents the composition of the water only at that time. and place.
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Hydrologic cycle
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The process of evaporation in transpirtation of water into the air, it returns to the earth by precipitation, groundwater movement and runoff into waters, streams and the ocean.
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most probable number
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Number of coliform-group organisms per unit volume of sample water.
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non potable water
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Water that may contain objectionable pollution, contamination, minerals or infective agents and is considered unsafe and or unpalatable for drinking.
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Palatable
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Water at a desirable temperature that is free from objectionable taste, odors, colors, too. Pleasing to the senses.
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pollution
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The impairment or reduction of water quality by agricultural domestic or industrial waste to a degree that has an adverse effect on any beneficial use of water.
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Precipitation
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Process by which atmospheric moisture falls onto a land or water surface as snow rain hail or other forms of moisture.
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Sublimation
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Transformation of a substance from a solid phase to a gas phase without passing through an intermediate liquid phase such as loss of snow from a snow field during the cold spell caused by sunshine acting directly on the outer layers of the snow.
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Transpiration
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Process by which water vapor is released to the atmosphere by living plants.
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Analyzer
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Device which conducts periodic or continued measurement is some factor such as chlorine, floride, or turbidity
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bacteria
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Living organisms microscopic in size which usually consist of a single cell.
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Carcinogen
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a substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue.
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coliform
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A group of bacteria found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals humans and also in plants. soil, air, water. vaThe presence of these bacteria is an indication that the water is polluted and may contain pathogenic organisms.
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Disinfection byproducts
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A contaminant formed by the reaction of chlorine and with other substances in the water being.
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Inorganic
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Materials such as sand salt iron calcium salt and other minerals materials.
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MCL maximum contaminant level
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Largest allowable amount of a regulated constitutes in water as specified in the national primary drinking water regulations.
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Natural organic matter
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Broken down organic matter that comes from decayed vegetation in water.
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Organic
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Substance that came from animal or plant sources. These substances always contain carbon.
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pathogens
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Disease causing organisms.
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Positive bacteriological sample
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Water sample that has tested positive for bacteriological contamination.
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potable
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Water that does not contain objectionable pollution, contamination, materials, or infectIve agents and is considered satisfactory for drinking.
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Total dissolved solids
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All of the dissolved solids in water.
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trihalomethanes
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Compounds formed during chlorination by reactions with natural organic material in water are suspected of causing cancer.
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turbidity
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The cloudy appearance of water caused by the presence of suspended and colloidal material.
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acre foot
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a volume of water that covers one acre to a depth of one foot or 43,560 cubic feet.
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Average demand
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The total demand for water during Of time divided by the number of days in that time period.
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clear well
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A reservoir for the storage of filtered water of sufficient capacity to prevent the need to vary the filtration rate with variations in demand.
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detention time
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The theoretical calculated time required for a small amount of water to pass through a tank at a given rate of flow.
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draw
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The act of removing water from a tank or reservoir.
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elevated tank
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Storage facility that is elevated above the service zone and is used primarily to maintain an adequate and fairly uniform pressure to that Service zone
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float on system
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A method of operating a water storage facility. When customers demand Are low the storage facility will be filling. During periods of high demand, the facility will be emptying.
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free board
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the vertical distance from the normal water surface to the top of the confining wall.
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mil
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a unit of length equal into 0.001 of an inch.
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Milligrams per liter
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A measure of the concentration by weight of a substance per unit volume. Equivalent in fresh water to one part per million.
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peak demand
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the maximuim momentary load placed on a water treatment plant, home station or distribution station. This demand is usually the maximum average later 1 hour or less.
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standpipe
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A storage tank in which the height is greater than the diameter.
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Thermal stratification
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The formation of layers of different temperature in a lake or reservoir.
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turnover rate
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The amount of time it takes to cycle the volume of a reservoir.
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aerobic
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a condition in which atmospheric or dissolved molecular oxygen is present in the aquatic environment.
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Anode
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The surface of a corrosion cell where oxidation occurs in that loses material or corrodes.
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cathode
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The surface in a corrosion cell. Is protected.
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cathodic. protection
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an electrical system for prevention of corrosion metals particularly metallic pipe and tanks.
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Dead end
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The end of a water main which is not connected to other parts of the distribution system by means of a connected loop of pipe.
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Dechlorination
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The deliberate removal of chlorine from water. The partial or complete reduction of a residual chlorine by any chemical or physical process.
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Evaporation
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The process by which water or liquid becomes a gas water vapor.
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galvanic corrosion
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a form of localized corrosion caused by the connection of two dissimilar metals in an electrolyte such as water.
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Routine. Sampling
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Sampling repeated on a regular basis.
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Ground level tank
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a distribution system, storage of water in a tank whose bottom is at or below the surface of the ground.
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Sacrificial anode
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In the Cathodic protection a metal substance that is more reactive to the corrosive environment of the system to be protected and is electronically linked to a protection system. The substance partially corrodes or dissolves thereby protecting the metal of the system to which it is connected.
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Tuberculation.
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The development of or formation of small amounts of corrosion products on the inside of iron pipe.
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Water cycle
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The process of evaporation and transpiration of water into the air its return to the earth by precipitation groundwater movement in run off into the rivers streams and oceans.
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Water hammer
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potentially damaging slam bank or shudder that occurs in a pipe when a sudden change in water. velocity creates a great increase in water pressure.
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Comprehensive map
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A map that provides an overall view of a distribution system.
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corrective maintenance
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maintenance response to failure
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corrosion
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The gradual decomposition or destruction of a material by chemical action often due to an electrochemical reaction.
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Fluoridation
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The addition of chemical to increase the concentration of fluoride ions in drinking water to a predetermined optimum limit to reduce the incidence of tooth decay in children.
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Graphic information system
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A computer program that combines mapping with detailed information about the physical location of structure such as pipes valves or manholes within geographic areas.
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Preventive maintenance
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Scheduled work to prevent failures.
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record drawings
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Maps and drawings showing constructed facilities in there as built condition.
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Safe Drinking Water Act (sdwa)
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An Act passed by the US Congress in 1974 established a cooperative program in the local state federal agencies to ensure safe drinking water for customers.
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transmission. main
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pipelines that deliver water from a system s source of supply to the distribution system.
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Unaccounted for water
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The difference between produced horror purchase water and water sold to a customer.
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Underground service alert
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The on call phone number that should be contacted prior to digging or drilling underground.
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wet tap
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The addition of a new main or lateral connection into an existing mean while the existing main remains in service.
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Backflow
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The reverse flow condition created by a difference in water pressure which causes water to flow back into the distribution pipes of a potable water system supply from any source other than the intended source.
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backpressure
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A pressure that can cause water to back flow into the water supply when a user's water system is at a higher pressure in the public water system.
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backsiphonage
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a form of backflow caused by a negative or below at Miss fear Rukh pressure within a water system.
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c factor
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A value used to indicate the smoothness of a interior of a pipe.
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cross connection
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Straight a connection between a drinking water system and an unapproved water supply.
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flushing
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A method used to clean water distribution lines. Hydrants are open and water with a high velocity flow through the pipes are removing deposits from the pipes. 2.5 fps
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friction loss
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The head pressure or energy loss by water flowing in a pipe or channel has a result of turbulence cause by the velocity of a flowing water in the roughness of the pipe or restrictions caused by fittings.
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head
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The vertical distance in feet equal to the pressure in psi at a specific point.
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Hydraulic grade
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The elevation water would rise to in a small vertical to connect into a pipe under pressure.
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plan view
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a diagram, photo, or drawing showing a facility as it would appear when looking down on top of it.
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profile
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A drawing showing elevation plotted against distance such as the vertical section of side view of a pipeline.
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sensor
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a device that measures senses a physical condition. or variable of interest.
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set point
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The position at which a control or controller is set. This is the same as a desired value of a process variable.
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telemetry
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The electrical link between a transmitter and the receiver.
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Cavitation
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Formation or collapse of a gas pocket for bubbles on the gate of a valve. The collapse of this gas pocket or bubble drives the water into the gate with a terrific force that can cause pitting on the gate surface.
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centrifugal. pump
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A pump consisting of an impeller fixed on a rotating shaft. Is enclosed in a casting and having an inlet and discharge connection.
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dynamic head
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when a pump is operating the vertical distance in feet from a reference point (such as a pump center line) to the hydraulic grid line.
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Horsepower
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Are you know the power equal to about 746 watts, used to measure the power of engines.
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impeller
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a rotating set of vanes in a pump designed to pump or move water.
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invert
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the lowest (bottom) point on the inside pipeline.
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motor efficiency.
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The ratio of energy delivered by a motor to energy supplied to it during a fixed . period of cycle.
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pump bowl
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the substance pumping unit in a well, including the shaft impeller and housing.
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shoring
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The temporary support of trench during construction in
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spoils
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Excavated material such as soil from the trench of a water main.
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Spring line
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Centerline of a pipeline
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springline
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the center of a pipe
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Stringing
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Laying out pipe line for installation
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subgrade
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Level layer of rock or earth upon which the foundation of a road or roadway is laid.
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suction lift
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negative pressure on a suction side of the pump. Pressure can be measured from the center line of the pump down to elevation of hydraulic grade line on the suction side of the pump.
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What is a LEL
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lower explosive limit
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not personnel
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What is a PEL
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permissible exposure limit
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What are the 3 responsibilities of a public water supplier?
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basic,
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What are the three examples of public water usage?
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basic,
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What are the main components of a water system?
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basic,
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What are the main components of a water system?
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basic,
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Which of the following is not likely to prevent a water quality issue in a groundwater system?
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Advanced,
Harness a turbidity b iron c bacteria d |
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Peak daily consumption may be 2.5 times the daily average true or false
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True or false
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What is an MCL?
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Basic, maximum contaminate level
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Why is turbidity a primary contaminant?
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basic,
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How much is the water conservation fee?
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basic,3 cent per 1000 gallons is collected
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What is a net Nephelometer?
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basic,
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How long must bacteriological and chemical sampling results be kept?
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basic,
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A public water system is any system that serves a population greater than or equal to?
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25. 50. 100?
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What is the maximum total chlorine residual allowed by the disinfectant- disinfection by-products rule?
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2 yes
,4,6,8,mg/l |
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What type of contaminant is iron?
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a primary inorganic b primary organic c secondary,
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Which primary contaminant is sometimes added to water supplies to prevent tooth decay?
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Is it fluoride iron arsenic or mercury C fluoride
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Failure of a public water system to comply with the drinking water regulations must be reported to in me D within how many hours?
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12 48 4 days or 1 week
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Advanced which primary inorganic contaminant poses an immediate health risk?
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adv,
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Advanced when you get a positive total coliform sample result what is the maximum number of retakes required?
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adv,
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What are the action levels for LED and copper?
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adv,
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iF bacteriological retakes are done this month what is the maximum number of samples that must be turned in next month?
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adv,
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It's a 3 - log removal is required for Guardia Lamblia what percentage of organisms can survive and still need the requirements?
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adv,
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The MCL for total trihalomethanes is?
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Point .08 milligrams per liter point 1,point 2, or 2.0mg/l
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Ground water systems must sample for inorganic chemicals every?
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Month day year or 3 years
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How many bacterial logical symbols must be taking every month before a system is allowed to have to positive samples without violating the drinking water standard?
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10 20 40 or 60
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What is called the blank solvent ?
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Basic
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What are the two sources of water?
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Basic
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What is the word used to identify water that is safe to drink?
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Potable
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Water cycles from the atmosphere to the earth and back to the atmosphere. What is the national water cycle call?
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Hydrologic cycle
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Precipitation?
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The process by which atmosphere moisture is discharged on to the earth's crust it takes the form of rain snow hail or sleet.
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forest canopy
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Enclosure by the trees in the forest it blocks most of the light from the forest floor
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Overland flow ,,organic
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The movement of water on in just under the earth's crust and chemical substance of an animal or vegetable origin usually containing carbon.
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Bacteria?
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Living organism microscopic in size with single cell most utilize organic matter for their food and make a waste as the result of their life processes
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Viruses and protozoa
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Va sub microscopic organisms which passes through filters capable of removing bacteria and a small one celled animal including but not limited to amoeba celiates in flagellates
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Inorganic
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Chemical substance of mineral origin not usually contains carbon
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infiltration
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Initial movement of water from the earth's surface into the soil
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Transpiration
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Process by which water vapor is lost to the atmosphere from living plants
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Percolation
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Movement of water into and through the ground
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Aquifer
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Hey porous water bearing geologic formations
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Water is called a blank solvent
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Basic
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