Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Glucose
|
The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.
|
|
Set point
|
The point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.
|
|
Basal matabolic rate
|
The body's resting rate of energy expenditure.
|
|
Anorexia nervosa
|
An eating disorder in which a normal-weight person (usually and adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.
|
|
Bulimia nervosa
|
An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usally of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.
|
|
Insulin
|
Hormone secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose
|
|
Leptin
|
Protein secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger.
|
|
Ghrelin
|
Hormone secreated by empty stomach; sends "I'm hungry" signals to the brain.
|
|
PYY
|
Digestive tract hormone; sends "I'm not hungry" signals to the brain.
|
|
The appetite hormones
|
Insulin, Leptin, Orexin, Ghrelin, PYY
|
|
Stress
|
The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.
|
|
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
|
Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three stages - alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
|
|
Coronary heart disease
|
The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries
|
|
Type A
|
Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard0driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
|
|
Type B
|
Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people.
|
|
Psychophysiological illness
|
Literally, "mind-body" illness, such as hypertension and some headaches. Note this is distinct from hypochondriasis
|
|
Lymphocytes
|
The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes from in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.
|
|
Psychophysiological illness
|
Literally, "mind-body" illness, such as hypertension and some headaches. Note this is distinct from hypochondriasis
|
|
Lymphocytes
|
The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes from in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.
|
|
Dependence
|
Reliant on a particular habit or drug such as with smoking
|
|
Tolerance
|
Needing larger and larger doses of a drug to get the same effect
|
|
Withdrawal
|
Physiological or psychological effects of going without a substance that one is addicted to.
|
|
Biological rhythms
|
Periodic physiological fluctuations
|
|
Circadian rhythm
|
The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.
|
|
REM sleep
|
Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active
|
|
Alpha waves
|
The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
|
|
Sleep
|
Periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation
|
|
Hallucinations
|
False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.
|
|
Delta waves
|
The large, slw brain waves associated with deep sleep
|
|
Insomnia
|
Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
|
|
Narcolepsy
|
A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inapporpriate times
|
|
Sleep apnea
|
A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and reqeated momentary awakenings
|
|
Night terrors
|
A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of bing terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered
|
|
Dream
|
A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruites, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties
|
|
Manifest content
|
According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content).
|
|
Latent content
|
According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content). Freud believed that a dream's latent content functions as a safety valve.
|
|
REM rebound
|
The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)
|
|
Anxiety disorders
|
Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
|
|
Generalized anxiety disorder
|
An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
|
|
Panic disorder
|
An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations
|
|
Obsessive compulsive disorder
|
An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
|
|
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
|
An anxiety disorder charcterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.
|
|
Mood disorders
|
Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. Major depressive disorder, mania, bipolar disorder.
|
|
Major depressive disorder
|
A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.
|
|
Mania
|
A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.
|
|
Bipolar disorder
|
A mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania
|
|
Schizophrenia
|
A roup of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions
|
|
Delusions
|
False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.
|
|
Paranoid schizophrenia
|
Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, often with themes of persecution or grandiosity
|
|
Disorganized schizophrenia
|
Disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion
|
|
Catatonic schizophrenia
|
Immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repeating of another's speech or movements
|
|
Undifferentiated schizophrenia
|
Many and varied symptoms
|
|
Residual schizophrenia
|
Withdrawal, after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared
|
|
Psychotherapy
|
An emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties
|
|
Eclectic approach
|
An approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy
|
|
Psychoanalysis
|
Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the therapist's interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight
|
|
Resistance
|
In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
|
|
Interpretation
|
In psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.
|
|
Transference
|
In psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)
|
|
Client-centered therapy
|
A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate clients' growth (also called person-centered therapy).
|
|
Active listening
|
Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy
|
|
Behavior therapy
|
Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.
|
|
Counterconditioning
|
A behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includes exposure therapy and aversive conditioning
|
|
Exposure therapies
|
Behavioral techiniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people ) in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid
|
|
Systematic desensitization
|
A type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.
|
|
Virtual reality exposure therapy
|
An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking
|
|
Aversive conditioning
|
A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).
|
|
Cognitive therapy
|
Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
|
|
Cognitive-behavior therapy
|
A popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
|
|
Family therapy
|
Therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication
|
|
Meta-analysis
|
A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies.
|
|
Biomedical therapy
|
Prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system
|
|
Psychopharmacology
|
The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
|
|
Tardive dyskenisia
|
Involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antypsychotic drugs that target D2 dopamine receptors.
|
|
Electroconvulsive therapy
|
A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
|
|
Reptitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
|
The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or supress brain activity.
|
|
Psychosurgery
|
Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
|
|
Labotomy
|
A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the verves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain
|