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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
POPULATION
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the complete set of individuals, objeccts, or scores that the investigator is interested in studying
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SAMPLE
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subset of the population, chosen for time-economic reasons
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VARIABLE
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any property or characteristic of some event, object, or person that my have different values at different times depending on the conditions
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CONSTANT
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a property or characteristic of some event, object, or person that does not have different values at different times
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INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
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the variable in an experiment that is systematically manipulated by the investigator
(e.g., when measuring the effects of various levels of alcohol consumption on social behavior, the IV is alcohol level) |
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DEPENDENT VARIABLE
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the variable that the investigator measures to determine the effect of the IV
(e.g., when measuring the effects of various levels of alcohol consumption on social behavior, the DV is social behavior) |
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DATA
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the measurements that are made on the subjects of an experiment
also known as raw or original scores, data include age, gender, and number of subjects |
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STATISTIC
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a number calculated on sample data that quantifies a characteristic of the sample
(e.g., the average value of a SAMPLE set of scores) |
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PARAMETER
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a number calculated on population data that quantifies a characteristic of the population
(e.g., the average value of a POPULATION set of scores) |
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OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES
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three types include:
(A) naturalistic observation (e.g., anthropology) (B) parameter estimation (e.g., surveys, public opinion polls, market research) (C) correlational studies (i.e., attention on two or more variables to see whether or not they are related, e.g., obesity and high blood pressure) |
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TRUE EXPERIMENTS
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type of research in which an attempt is made to determine whether changes in one variable produce changes in another variable
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DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
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concerned with techniques that are used to describe or characterize the obtained data
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INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
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involves techniques that use the obtained sample data to infer to populations
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AUTHORITY
(METHOD OF KNOWING) |
something is considered true because of tradition or because some person of distinction says it is true
(e.g., believing in evolution because a distinguished professor says so) |
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RATIONALISM
(METHOD OF KNOWING) |
using reasoning alone to arrive at knowledge; it assumes that if the premises are sound and the reasoning is carried out correctly according to the rules of logic, then the conclusions will yield truth
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INTUITION
(METHOD OF KNOWING) |
knowledge acquired through sudden insight: a clarifying idea that springs into consciousness all at once as a whole; it is not arrived at by reason
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SCIENTIFIC METHOD
(METHOD OF KNOWING) |
utilizing both reasoning and intuition for establishing truth, it relies on OBJECTIVE assessment
by some means, usually by reasoning deductively from existing theory or inductively from existing facts or through intuition, the scientist arrives at a hypothesis; he or she designs an experiment to objectively test the hypothesis, and the resultant data is either supported or rejected |