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652 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
What is a parasite?
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Eukaryotic organism that is metabolically dependent on another animal (host) during one or more stages of its life cycle
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What is the difference between definitive and intermediate host?
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Definitive (final) host is where parasite attains sexual maturity. Intermediate host serves as a temporary but necessary environment for completion of the immature stages of the life cycle
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What is a paratenic host?
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Host not needed to complete life cycle but utilized as vehicle for reaching a necessary host
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What is a vector?
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Arthropods or other invertebrates which seve as hosts and carriers for parasites (may be intermediate or transport host)
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What is a reservoir host?
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Infected animals which serve as a source of infection for others (include all infectious agens, not just parasites)
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What is sylvatic reservoir?
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A wild animal reservoir
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What is a prepatent period?
What is a patent infection? |
Period after infection before production of eggs, cysts, etc. in definitive host
Patent infection: mature infection (reproductively speaking) |
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What are parasitologic priniciples?
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1) Under natural circumstances animals have parasites. In large animals we aim for control, in companion animals for elimination
2) Parasitic infection is not equivalent to disease. Immunity often prevents disease but not infection 3)Stress make animals more susceptivle to parasitic infection and parasitic disease 4)Antiparasitic drugs are only one part of the treatment. Use more than 1 method to control a parasitic infection (integrated pest management) |
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Phylum Arthropoda divides into what 2 classes?
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Insecta: fleas, lice, flies
Arachnida: ticks, mites |
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What 3 types of names do drugs have?
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Chemical, Generic, and Trade. We typically only study generic names.
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What is a withdrawal period?
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The length of time that a food animal or product must be withheld from entering the food chain following treatment with a drug
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What is an extra label use?
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Use of an approved drug in a manner that is not in accordance with the approved label directions
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What types of arthropod control agents exist?
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Pesticides (kill outright or interfere with growth and development)
Biological control Physical control |
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What agency are most pesticides (if not all) are regulated by?
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EPA: Environmental Protection Agency
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What agency regulates pesticides against internal parasites?
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FDA: Food and Drug Administration
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What is the disadvantage of pyrethrins in terms of residual activity?
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They are botanicals, natural, so they are quickly metabolized
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What is the mode of action of pyrethrins?
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They disrupt Na/K ion transport in nerve membranes. This paralyses organism. It's a quick knock down, but they can recover
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What is the advantage of pyrethrins (other than killing parasites)?
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They also have repellent activity
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What synergists are pyrethrins often used with?
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Synergists like piperonyl butoxide
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What is the spectrum of action of pyrethrins?
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Many species
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How toxic are pyrethrins? What are the side effects of pyrethrin toxicity?
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Pretty safe. If toxicity occurs: salivation, diarrhea, vomiting, ataxia, convulsions, death.
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Whom should you NOT give pyrethrins to?
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Nursing puppies or kittens less than 4-weeks-old
Toxic in fish. |
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What are synthetic pyrethrin-like compounds? What advantages do they have over pyrethrins?
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Pyrethroids are more potent, longer lasting. (Note: pyrethroids end with -trin and -thrin with few exceptions)
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Who should NEVER be treated with Pyrethroids?
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Cats.
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What is the disadvantage of pyrethroids over pyrethrins?
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Higher risk of toxicity
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What is the mode of administrations for pyrethroids and pyrethrins?
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Topical: dusts, sprays, shampoos, spot-ons
Environmental: pyrethrOIDs |
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What is the other name for Macrolides? What were they originally? What were they marketed for originally?
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Macrocyclic Lactones originally were fermentation products of soil microbes. Were first marketed as dewormers only.
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Which two groups can you divide macrolides into?
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Avermectins (ivermectin, doramectin, selamectin, eprionomectin)
Milbemycins (milbemycin, moxidectin) |
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What is the mode of action of macrolides?
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They are endectocides: bind to glutamate -gated chloride channels leading to hyperpolarization of nerves and muscles
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What is the spectrum of action of macrolides?
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Macrolides are effective against many arthropod species and some worms
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How persistent are macrolides in animals?
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They are lipophilic, which helps keep them in animals longer (may be weeks depending on formulation and drugs).
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What are modes of administration of macrolides?
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Oral, spot-ons, injection, feed additives
Some macrolides are used as plant pesticides and in roach products. |
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What two types of neonicotinoids are there?
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Imidacloprid and Nitenpyram
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What is the spectrum of action of Imidacloprid?
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Fleas, lice, plant pests
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What is the mode of action of imidacloprid and nitenpyram?
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Imidacloprid binds to postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in insects
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What is the toxicity level of imidacloprid and nitenpyram?
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Low toxicity because mammalian receptors are different.
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How long does imidacloprid persist in animal?
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Persists for weeks
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What is the metod of administration of imidacloprid?
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topical, enironmental for plants. May also be used orally such as Capstar.
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What class of pesticides does nitenpyram belong to?
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Neonicotinoids
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What is the spectrum of action of nitenpyram?
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Fleas
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What are the main differences between imidacloprid and nitenpyram?
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Imidacloprid persists for weeks, while nitenpyram acts fast and gone. Imidacloprid is administered topcally, nitenpyram is administered orally.
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What class of pesticides do spinosyns belong to?
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Spinosyns are macrolides, but work more like neonicotinoids
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What is the mode of action of spinosyns?
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They activate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, but separate receptors from the ones neonicotinoids activate.
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What is the spectrum of action of spinosyns?
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Insects
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What is the toxicity level of spinosyns?
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Low toxicity
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How long do spinosyns stay in the animal?
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Weeks
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How are spinosyns administered?
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Orally
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What class of pesticides does Fipronil belong to?
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Phenylpyrazole
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What is the spectrum of action of Fipronil?
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Insects, ticks, mites
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What is the mode of action of Fipronil?
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Fipronil binds to GABA receptors, inhibits flux of Cl inons into nerve cells, resulting in hyperexcitability
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What is the toxicity level for Fipronyl?
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Low: doesn't seem to bind to mammalian receptors. CAN be toxic to some birds, reptiles, fish, and rabbits
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How long does Fipronil persist in an animal? Where is it stored?
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It is stored in hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and released onto skin, so can persist for weeks (?)
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How is Fipronil (phenylpyrazole) administered?
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Topically (Frontline)
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What class of Pesticides does Amitraz belong to?
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Formamidines
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What is the spectrum of action of Amitraz?
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Ticks and mites
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What is the mode of action of Amitraz?
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Amitraz inhibits monoamine oxidase
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What is the toxicity level of amitraz?
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Low in everyone except horses
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What species should NEVER be treated with Amitraz? What are the symptoms of amitraz toxicity in these species?
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Horses.: Lethargy, hypotension, mydriasis, hypothermia, vomiting
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How long does amitraz persist in an animal?
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Days
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What is the method of administration of amitraz? What are some products that contain amitraz?
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Topical.
Products: preventic collar, tactic (pesticide for food animals). |
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What class of pesticides does Metaflumizone belong to?
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Semicarbazones. (It's a new member)
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What is the spectrum of action of metafumizone?
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Insects
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What is the mode of action of metaflumizone?
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Blocks Na channels in axons, prevents neurotransmission
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What is the toxicity level of metaflumizone?
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Low
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How long does metaflumizone persist in an animal?
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Weeks. It is distributed in hair coat.
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What is the method of administration of Metaflumizone?
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Topical
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What is the spectrum of action of organophosphates?
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Many arthropods
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What is the mode of action of organophosphates?
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Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
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What is the main problem with organophosphates? What are the symptoms of it?
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Toxicity. SLUD: salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea
Respiratory failure Chronic neurotoxicity |
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Which species should not be treated with organophosphates unless specifically labeled for them?
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Cats
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What is the mode of administration of organophosphates?
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Systemic absorption from topical products. Administered on animal, environmentally
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How long do organophosphates persist in an animal?
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Newer ones can persis for several weeks
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How can you identify organophosphates by a chemical name?
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It contains -phosphate
-phore -phosphore -phos (fention, chlorpyriphos, dichlorvos, diazinon, tetrachlorvinphos) |
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What class of pesticides is similar to organophosphates?
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Carbamates. Don't combine them with OPs!
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How toxic are carbamates compared to organophosphates?
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Not as toxic.
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How can you recognize carbamates in a product?
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Generic name usually contains "carbamate"
"Sevin" dust is the only one in common veterinary use. |
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What is the other name for chlorinated hydrocarbons?
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Oganochlorines
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What is the most famous chlorinated hydrocarbon? What are some other examples of chlorinated hydrocarbons?
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DDT is the most famous
Lindane, dieldrin, aldrin, methoxychlor. |
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What is the mechanism of action of chlorinated hydrocarbons?
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Inhibit Na/Ca flux--interfere with depolarization and repolarization of membranes
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Why are most chlorinated hydrocarbons unavailable in the US?
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Concerns about environmental persistence and some toxicity
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What is the draw back of lime sulfur? What is its advantage?
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It is safe, but smelly. Not used much anymore
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What are some of the repellents?
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DEET, Picardin: oil of lemon eucalyptus
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What are some natural products? What are their drawbacks?
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D-limonene, herbal preparations. Drawback: little efficacy or toxicity data.
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What two drugs are the examples of insect development inhibitors (IDI)?
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Diflubenzurone
Lufenuron |
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What is the mechanism of action of IDIs?
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Chitin synthesis inhibitors
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What is the mechanism of action of Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs)?
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Juvenile hormone analogs
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What two drugs are the examples of IGRs?
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Methoprene
Pyriproxyfen |
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What is the spectrum of action of IDIs and IGRs?
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Many insects depending on product
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What is IDIs and IGRs toxicity?
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Low
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How long do IDIs and IGRs persist?
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Some products persist for months
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What is the method of administration of IDIs and IGRs?
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Topical and Environmental
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Give examples of Biological control
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Pheromones in traps
Use of parasitic wasps and other predators |
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What is parasitoid?
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Organism that is parasite early in development but that finally kills the host during or at the completion of development (e.g. Wasps)
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What is target-site resistance?
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Genetic difference in the molecular target of the drug so drug doesn't bind; amplification of target gene
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What is metabolic resistance?
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Increased inactivation or removal of drug
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What is behavioral resistance?
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Avoidance of pesticide
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What are the important factors in determining how fast the resistance will develop?
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Dose of drug
Drug formulation Human factors (outdated drugs, etc.) Size of refugia |
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How do you minimize resistance?
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Maximize use of non-pesticide controls
Don't use unnecessarily Use appropriate dose and route of administration Rotate pesticide use |
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What order are fleas? What are their general characteristics?
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Siphonaptera.
Wingless, laterally compressed, complete metamorphosis |
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What is the most common flea of cats and dogs?
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Ctenocephalides felis felis
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How many stages of C. felis are spent off host?
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3 out of 4 stages are spent off host. Only adults are on host.
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What environment do off-host stages prefer?
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warm and very humid
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One female can lay up to how many eggs? How soon do they hatch?
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Up to 1000. Usually hatch in a few days.
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What does C. felis larva eat?
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Eat organic debris, but require flea feces
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How long do they stay in larval stage?
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About 1 week
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How long does C. felis stay in pupa stage?
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If warm and humid, it takes 5 days to get to an adult. Can stay in pupa for a few months.
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What is the minimal life cycle of C.felis?
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Egg hatching: 2 days
Larva: 6 days Pupa: 6 days TOTAL: about 14 days |
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Where do fleas overwinter?
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Your house, reservoir hosts
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How do you diagnose C felis?
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Adults in large numbers, flea dirt
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What is the characteristic distribution of fleas on an animal?
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Tailhead, thighs, abdomen, neck
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What are clinical signs of C. felis presence?
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extreme pruritus, flea hypersensitivity, allergy to flea saliva components
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What are some other medical problems associated with C. felis?
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Vectors of tapeworms
Vectors of Bartonella henselae (cat scratch disease) Anemia |
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Give examples of ADULTICIDES for flea control.
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Imidocloprid
Fipronil Nitenpyram Selamectin Metaflumizone Spinosad Pyrethroids/pyrethrins Organophosphates Natural products |
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Give examples of LARVACIDES for flea control.
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Lufenuron
Methoprene Pyriproxyfen |
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If you have to choose a collar with a pesticide, which should you choose for flea control?
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Flea collars with IGRW
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Give examples of environmental flea control
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Mechanical: vacuum where pet spends most time
Sprays and foggers: IGR, IDI |
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What are some other hosts of C. felis? How adaptable is C. felis?
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Ferrets, humans, confined calves, goats
C. felis is highly adaptable |
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How would you treat host other than cats/dogs? What are the dangers to humans?
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In ferrets, treat with cat parasiticides
Treating animals may increase human bites. |
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What fleas are the vectors of plague in SW US?
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Rodent fleas
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Name a human flea
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Pulex irritans
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What flea is a stick tight flea of poultry?
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Echidnophaga gallinacea
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Are fleas generally species-specific?
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Yes, generally they are, but C. felis is highly adaptable
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What parasites belong to order Phthirapter?
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Lice
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What are general characteristics of lice?
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Small, wingless, dosroventrally flattened. Often white or gray, some brown.
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Do lice undergo complete metamorphosis?
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No, they do not.
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What type of lice belongs to Anoplura?
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Sucking lice
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What type of lice belongs o Mallophaga?
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Biting/chewing lice
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Where do lice spend their entire lifecycle?
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On host
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Where do you find lice eggs?
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Glued to feathers/hairs
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What is the minimum lifecycle length for lice?
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Minimum 3 weeks
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How do you transmit lice?
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Direct transmission by contact or fomites
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How host-specific are lice?
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VERY host-specific. Cannot survive long off the host.
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When would you see lots of lice on an outside animal? Why?
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In winter. Longer hair coat, more stressed animals
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What are clinical signs of lice infestation?
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Pruritis, hair loss, poor haircoat--common
Anemia, debilitation, disease vectors |
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What species commonly have lice (but not severe)?
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Food animals
Wild birds Wild mammals Can be in rodents |
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What species do not usually have lice but can easily get and transmit them?
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Horses
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What species do not commonly have lice unless not well-cared for?
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Small animals
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How do you diagnose lice?
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Lice and eggs on host
Predilection sites |
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What drugs would you use to treat lice infestation?
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Depends on host:
Pyrethrins/pyrethroids Macrolides Organophosphates Neonicotinoids |
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Is it hard to kill the adults? What about eggs? How should you approach this?
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Adults are easy to kill, drugs don't kill eggs. Repeat treatment in 2 weeks or use products with long residuals; treat all animals
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What are the examples of human lice? Are they zoonotic?
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Small animals cannot give you lice.
Pediculus: head and body louse Phthirus: pubic louse (crabs) |
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What order do flies belong to?
What are the characteristics of this order? |
Diptera. 1 pair of membranous wings with some exceptions, compete metamorphosis
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What are the problems that flies introduce?
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Fly worry
Bites--dermatitis Disease transmission Parasitism by larval flies |
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Name non-biting flies
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Musca domestica
Musca automalis |
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Where does musca domestica lay its eggs?
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In decaying organic material
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What is the lifecycle of muscla domestica?
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2 Weeks lifecycle
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What gender is parasitic in musca autumalis? What do they eat?
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Females are parasitic. Eat secretions.
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Where does musca autumalis lay its eggs?
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In fresh manure
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Who does musca autumalis choose as its host?
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Primarily ruminants, horses
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What's the importance of musca autumalis?
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Irritation (tearing, inflammation)
Bovine pinkeye (Moraxella bovis) mechanical transmission |
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Name biting flies
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Haematobia irritans
Stomoxys calcitrans Tabanidae Mosquitoes Simulium Culicoides |
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What is the common name for Haematobia irritans?
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Horn fly
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What are predilection sites for H.irritans?
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Back and ventrum of cattle, horses. Resident parasites
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Where does H. irritans lay its eggs?
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In fresh manure
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What is the importance of Haematobia irritans?
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Irritation, decreased production
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What is the common name of Stomoxys calcitrans?
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Stable fly
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What is the lifecycle of Stomoxys calcitrans?
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Visits animal 1-2X/day; lays eggs in decaying manure
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What are predilection sites of S. calcitrans?
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legs, flanks
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What is the importance of Stomoxys calcitrans?
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Fly worry
Fly bite dermatitis |
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What is the common name for Family Tabanidae? What do they look like?
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Horse and deer flies.
Big with big eyes, stout body Deer flies often striped wings |
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Where do horse and deer flies lay their eggs?
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Near water
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What is the importance of tabanidae flies?
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Fly worry
Mechanical vectors of disease |
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Where do mosquitoes lay their eggs?
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In water
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What is the importance of mosquitoes?
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Fly worry
Hypersensitivity Disease vectors |
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What species do blackflies and buffalo gnats belong to?
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They belong to Simulium spp.
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What is the lifecycle of simulium flies?
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Lay eggs in RAPIDLY moving water
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What is the importance of simulium flies?
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Fly worry
Fly-bite dermatitis Disease vectors |
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What are predilection sites of simulium flies?
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Horse and dog ears
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What are common names of Culicoides spp.?
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No-see-ums, midges
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Where do culicoides lay their eggs?
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Larvae aquatic or in moist sil, humus
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What is the importance of culicoides?
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Fly worry
Mostly a clinical problem in horses Sweet itch: fly-bite allergy |
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What are the elements of fly control in large animals?
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Get rid of manure, fed through pesticides
Use wasps/traps Dust bags, back rubbers Ear tags-cattle Pour-ons |
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What are the elements of fly control in Horses?
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Repellants and sprays
Pour-ons Masks Physical barriers |
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What is the definition of Myiasis? What are the two types of myasis?
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Any infection due to the invasion of the tissues or cavities of the body by the larvae of dipterous insects.
Two types: Cutaneous and Internal |
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Predominantly what flies are responsible for cutaneous myasis?
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Blow flies and flesh flies
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Where do cutaneous myasis flies lay their eggs?
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Decaying organic mater, wounds, body secretions, maggots eat necrotic tissue
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What is the prevention of cutaneous myasis?
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Wound spray in fly season
Castrate/dehorn before fly season |
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What is the official name of Screwworm fly? What part of the world is it common in?
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Cochliomyia
Western hemisphere |
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How is cochliomyia different from other cutaneous myasis flies?
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It lays eggs in living tissue
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What should you do if cochliomyia is suspected?
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Notify regulatory vets, send samples.
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What are some common names for internal myasis fly larvae?
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Bots, grubs, warbles
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Are adults of internal myasis flies dangerous? What do they look like?
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They don't feed, and look like bees (hairy). Host animals actively avoid them.
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Describe Gastrophilus spp lifecycle
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Eggs laid on legs, face
Migrate in gums/tongue Move to stomach for 10-12 months Pass out in feces Pupate on ground |
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What stimulates Gastrophilus to hatch out of eggs?
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Warm air stimulates larvae to hatch
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What are the clinical signs/significance of gastrophilus?
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Not very significant
Rarely ulceration or perforation Sometimes lesions in mouth See eggs on legs |
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What do you treat gastrophilus with?
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Ivermectin, Moxidectin (macrolides)
Warm water on legs so eggs would hatch. |
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What do hypoderma bovis and lineatum cause? What are their common names?
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Myasis. Common names: cattle grubs, warbles, heel flies
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What is the lifecycle of Hypoderma?
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Esophagus/spinal cord for 2-4 months
Migrate to SC tissue on back Make a bump with hole 5-8 weeks Pupate on ground |
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How do you diagnose hypoderma?
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Lumps
Adults gadding (running away) |
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What spp does hypoderma affect?
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Cattle, occasionally goats and horses
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How do you treat/control hypoderma?
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Systemic treatment
Avoid treatment when larvae in spinal cord/esophagus |
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What are the dates between which you should NOT treat hypoderma in VA?
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November 1st--March 1st
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What is the name of spp. for rodent bot flies?
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Cuterebra spp
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What animals does cuterebra spp affect?
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Rodents, rabbits
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What is the lifecycle of cuterebra?
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Eggs laid near burrows or along trails.
Larva picked up by rodent, rabbit Develops in SC cyst Pupate on ground Dog/cat can pick up larvae |
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Where is cuterebra nodule found on animal?
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Head and neck
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How do you treat cuterebra?
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Remove carefully (enlarge hole, pull out)
Antibiotics as needed |
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Can humans get cuterebra?
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Yes, occasionally
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What are the dangers of cuterebra?
|
Infrequently abberant migration (big problems in brain)
|
|
|
Oestrus is a parasite of what spp?
|
Small ruminants
|
|
|
Where does Oestrus spp larvae go in an animal?
|
Nasal passages and sinuses causing nasal discharge
|
|
|
What is the family of bloodsucking flies? What do they look like?
|
Diptera Hippoboscidae. Adults have flat looking body
|
|
|
What is Hippoboscidae called in sheep and goats? What other animals are hosts?
|
Ked--melophagus
Wild birds Deer Others |
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|
What do tsetse flies transmit?
|
Trypanosomiasis
|
|
|
What do Phlebotamine flies transmit? What is their common name?
|
Sand flies
Transmit Leishmania --infections worldwide |
|
|
What is the scientific name for bed bugs? What do they do?
|
Cimex
Come out at night and suck blood |
|
|
What do Triatomid bugs transmit? What is their common name?
|
Transmit Chagas disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi
|
|
|
What are the 4 stages of ticks and mites lifecycle?
|
egg--larva--nymph--adult
All stages on host |
|
|
What is the difference in the number of legs in nymphs, adults, and larvae of ticks and mites?
|
Nymphs, adults: 8 legs
Larvae: 6 legs |
|
|
What 2 parts is body of aracnids divided into?
|
Capitulum (gnathosoma)
Idiosoma (rest) |
|
|
What are the parts of Capitulum in mites/ticks?
|
Chelicerae
Hypostome Palps |
|
|
How are mites transmitted?
|
Via direct contact/fomites
|
|
|
What is "mange"
|
General term to describe mite infestiaon
|
|
|
Name Sarcoptic mites
|
Sarcoptes
Notoedres Knemidocoptes |
|
|
Name Psoroptic mites
|
Psoroptes
Chorioptes Otodectes |
|
|
Name mites other than sarcoptic and psoroptic mites
|
Demodex
Cheyletiella Mesostigmatid mites Trombiculid mites (Chiggers) |
|
|
What is the difference between sarcoptic and psoroptic mites?
|
Sarcoptic mites have short last 2 pairs of legs, are burrowing mites, and are more round, 3 weeks lifecycle
Psoroptic mites are more oval, are surface dwellers, and have longer legs, 2 weeks lifecycle |
|
|
How would you diagnose sarcoptic mites?
|
Skin scraping of periphery
May find mites or eggs on fecal exam |
|
|
What sarcoptic mites are most common in dogs in US?
|
Sarcoptes scabei var canis
|
|
|
What are clinical signs of Sarcoptes scabei?
|
Hairless areas or thin hari, intense pruritus, aloecia, thickened wrinkled skin
Secondary bacterial infection, self-inflicted trauma |
|
|
What is the treatment/control of canine sarcoptes?
|
Treat all animals
Use Macrolides Enironmental treatment |
|
|
Are sarcoptes mites zoonotic?
|
Yes. Lesions in areas of contact, but humans also have their own sarcoptes
|
|
|
What other economically important species have sarcoptes?
|
Swine. Lost production in young pigs
Old sows are carriers Eradicable from closed systems with macrolides |
|
|
In what species is sarcoptes rare?
|
It is rare in ruminants and horses
|
|
|
In what species can sarcoptes cause serious disease?
|
Camelids
|
|
|
What is the rare sarcoptic mange of the cat?
|
Notoedres cati
|
|
|
Where do you see lesions associated with Notoedres cati?
|
On head and neck similar to sarcoptes
|
|
|
What species of sarcoptic mites cause mange in birds?
|
Knemidocoptes spp
|
|
|
Where do you see lesions associated with Knemidocoptes spp?
|
Nonfeathered portions
White, crusty honeycomb It can be a serious progressive disease |
|
|
How would you treat Knemidocoptes?
|
With Macrolides
|
|
|
What other species have sarcoptic mites?
|
Many. Genus name varies. Examples are:
hedgehogs guinea pigs foxes |
|
|
What are three species of psoroptic mites?
|
Psoroptes
Chorioptes Otodectes |
|
|
How do you diagnose psoroptic mites?
|
By skin scraping except ear mites
|
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|
What psoroptic spp are responsible for a highly contagious severe mange in ruminants?
|
Psoroptes ovis
|
|
|
How important is Prosoptes ovis mange in the US?
|
Eradicated from sheep in US; Cattle infections are treated and may not be reported.
Notifiable illness |
|
|
How do you treat Psoroptes ovis mange?
|
With Macrolides and treat all animals
|
|
|
Is Psoroptes ovis zoonotic?
|
Yes, handlers can get lesions
|
|
|
What psoroptic mite is primarily an OTIC parasite of rabbits?
|
Psoroptes cuniculi
|
|
|
Is Psoroptes cuniculi found in other species?
|
Yes, occasionally in alpacas, goats, and rare in horses
|
|
|
Who does Chorioptes mites affect?
|
Occasionally in horses, but more common in ruminants
|
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|
What are clinical signs of choriptes mites?
|
Lesions on legs (feet) (espeically featherd horses)
Tailhead in cattle |
|
|
What is a common EAR mite of dogs, cats, and ferrets?
|
Otodectes cynotis
|
|
|
What are clinical signs of Otodectes cynotis?
|
Otitis externa-may be with intense pruritus
Coffee grounds in the ear |
|
|
How do you diagnose Otodectes cynotis?
|
Ear swab, otoscope
|
|
|
How do you treat Otodectes cynotis?
|
Clean ears
Miticide (macrolides, pyrethrins) |
|
|
What mite causes canine mange and is rare a problem in other hosts?
|
Demodex spp
|
|
|
What does Demodex look like?
|
A cigar with legs
|
|
|
What is the lifecycle of Demodex?
|
It lives in sebaceous glands and/or hair follicles.
Has many hosts; highly spp specific. Infected early from dam, most asymptomatic |
|
|
Demodex in large numbers causes what clinical signs?
|
Interferes with follicles, gland function
Can lead to inflammation, secondary infection |
|
|
What are the two forms of Demodex canis?
|
Localized form: some pups (3-10 months of age), small hairless lesions, nonpruritic, 90% resolve
Generalized form: progressive spread from localized in pups, also adult onset |
|
|
What are general clinical signs of Demodex canis?
|
Alopecia
Erythema Seborrhea Pyoderma Pruritis |
|
|
What dogs are more susceptible to Demodex canis?
|
Purebred shorthaired dogs
|
|
|
How do you diagnose Demodex canis?
|
Skin scraping-squeeze first
Eggs and mites in feces |
|
|
What do you use to treat Demodex canis?
|
Amitraz
Macrolides Don't breed |
|
|
Do other spp have Demodex?
|
Localized rare in cats
Generalized even more rare in cats In ruminants: non-pruritic pistules Might be in humans |
|
|
What spp of mites have common name of "Walking Dandruff"?
|
Cheyletiella spp
|
|
|
How important is Cheyletiella in dogs,cats, rabbits?
|
Infrequent surface mite
|
|
|
What are the clinical signs of Cheyletiella?
|
Often few signs, can show scurfy dandruff, pruritus
|
|
|
How do you diagnose Cheyletiella?
|
Scotch tape, brushings
|
|
|
How do you treat/control Cheyletiella?
|
Fipronil
Selamectin Environmental control |
|
|
Is Cheyletiella zoonotic?
|
Yes, in areas of contact
|
|
|
What mites are closely related to ticks and look more like small ticks?
|
Mesostigmatid mites
|
|
|
What are the examples of mesostigmatid mites?
|
Ornithonyssus sylvarium
Ornithonyssus spp Dermanyssus gallinae |
|
|
What is a northern fowl mite? What is its lifecycle and what is its significance?
|
Ornithonyssus sylvarium: avian bloodsucking mite
Entire life cycle on host Can cause decreased weight gain, egg production |
|
|
What is the main problem with Ornithonyssus spp of rodents?
|
They can cause problems in humans
|
|
|
What is a red poltry mite? Is it zoonotic? How do you diagnose it?
|
Dermanyssus gallinae: parasite of poultry and wild birds; bloodsucking AT NIGHT
Diagnose by finding red or black mites in environment during the day Can be pest to people |
|
|
What is the name for chiggers and harvest mites?
|
Tromboculid mites
|
|
|
What is different about Trombiculid mites from other mites?
|
Only larvae are parasitic, they are orange or red. Attach for several days
|
|
|
What are clinical symptoms associated with Trombiculid mites? What is the treatment?
|
Intense pruritus after mites are gone
Treatment symptomatic |
|
|
What type of parasites are worms? What are two phylums we're most concerned with?
|
Metazoan parasites
Phylum Platyhelminthes Phylum Nematoda |
|
|
What are two classes of Phylum Platyhelminthes?
|
Class Cestoda
Class Trematoda |
|
|
What Phylum is limited importance in domestic animals?
|
Phylum Acanthocephala
|
|
|
Does host immunity eliminate worms?
|
No, only controls them
|
|
|
What government agency approves anthelmintics? Can products be used off label?
|
FDA approves drugs for various species
Products can be used off label in valid veterinarian-client relationship |
|
|
What are some members of Benzimidazoles drug group?
|
Fenbendazole
Albendazole Oxfendazole Oxibendazole |
|
|
What are some members of Imidazothiazole Tetrahydropyrimidines drug group?
|
Levamisole
Morantel Pyrantel Rumatel |
|
|
What are some members of Macrolides drug group?
|
Ivermectin
Doramectin Eprinomectin Selamectin Moxidectin Milbemycin |
|
|
What are some members of Isoquinolones drug group?
|
Praziquantel
Epsiprantel |
|
|
What is the member of Cyclic depsipeptide drug group?
|
Emodepside
|
|
|
What is the difference between side resistance and cross resistance?
|
Side resistance: if resistant to one member of a group, resistant to all
Cross resistance: Occurs when resistance to one group confers resistance to another group |
|
|
How can you tell anthelminic drug belongs to Benzimidazoles or probenzimidales group?
|
It end with -azole
Except Probenzimidazole (Febantel) |
|
|
What Benzimidazole is no longer marketed?
|
Thiabendazole
|
|
|
What Benzimidazoles and Probenzimidales are approved for BOVINES in the US?
|
Thiabendazole
Oxfendazole Fendbendazole Albendazole |
Hint: TOFA was a good cow
|
|
What Benzimidazoles and Probenzimidales are approved for OVINES in the US?
|
Thiabendazole
Albendazole |
Hint: AT sheep
|
|
What Benzimidazoles and Probenzimidales are approved for CANINES in the US?
|
Oxibendazole
Febantel Fenbendazole |
Hint: Keep OFF my dog
|
|
What Benzimidazoles and Probenzimidales are approved for EQUINES in the US?
|
Thiabendazole
Oxibendazole Fenbendazole |
It's TOF to be a horse
|
|
What Benzimidazoles and Probenzimidales are approved for FELINES in the US?
|
Febantel
|
|
|
What Benzimidazoles and Probenzimidales are approved for CAPRINES and SWINE in the US?
|
Thiabendazole
Fendbendazole |
FaT Goats and Pigs
|
|
What is the mode of action of Benzimidazoles and Probenzimidales?
|
They bind to parasite tubulin and prevent microtubule assembly; also have some secondary effects on enzymes
|
|
|
What precaution should be taken when giving Benzimidazoles and Probenzimidales to small animals?
|
Benzimidazoles and Probenzimidales need to stay around to work, so Fenbendazole has to be given with food in small animals.
Rumen and cecum act as reservoirs. |
|
|
How should Benzimidazoles and Probenzimidales be administered?
|
Orally; poorly water soluble
|
|
|
What are MEAT withdrawal times for Benzimidazoles and Probenzimidales?
|
Days to weeks
Albendazole is 27 days (longest) |
|
|
What are MILK withdrawal times for Benzimidazoles and Probenzimidales?
|
Fenbendazole: NO milk withdrawal
Others NOT approved for lactation |
|
|
What is the spectrum of action of Benzimidazoles?
|
Nematodes: adults
Most larvicidal if given over longer periods of time Ovicidal |
|
|
What Benzimidazoles also have activity against tapes and flukes?
|
Fenbendazole
Albendazole |
|
|
How safe are Benzimidazoles? What are the precautions?
|
Usually very safe
Some contradictions in early pregnancy Albendazole in ruminants Febantel in dogs |
|
|
What species do you see most Benzimidazole resistance in?
|
Small ruminants
Horses Cattle (just starting) |
|
|
Levamisole is used in what spp?
|
Ruminants, pigs
|
|
|
Pyrantel is used in what spp?
|
Horses, dogs, cats, pigs
|
|
|
Morantel is used in what spp?
|
Cattle, goats
|
|
|
What is the mode of action of Levamisole, Pyrantel, and Morantel?
|
They are Cholinergic agonists: depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents
|
|
|
What is the mode of administration of Levamisole, Pyrantel, and Morantel?
|
Oral and Injection
|
|
|
What is MEAT withdrawal time of Morantel, Pyrantel, and Levamisole?
|
Days
|
|
|
What is the spectrum of action of Levamisole, Morantel, and Pyrantel?
|
Adult nematodes
Pyrantel used for horse tapes in the past |
|
|
How safe are Levamisole, Pyrantel, and Morantel?
|
Pretty safe
Levamisole is the one associated with most problems |
|
|
What worms have known resistance to Levamisole?
|
Small ruminant strongylids
|
|
|
What worms are resistant to Pyrantel?
|
Horse strongylids, ascarids
|
|
|
What are Macrolides called based on their method of killing the worms?
|
Endectocides
|
|
|
What effects do Marcolides exert on worms?
|
Multiple effects on somatic and pharyngeal muscles, also affect reproduction
|
|
|
Which group of Macrolides: Avermectins or Milbemycins are more lipophilic, and, thus, have better residual activity?
|
Milbemycins
|
|
|
What are withdrawal times for MEAT for Macrolides?
|
0-Weeks depending on product
|
|
|
What are withdrawal times for MILK for Marcolides?
|
Eprinomectin-no withdrawal
Moxidectin-no withdrawal Others can't be used |
|
|
What is the spectrum of action of Macrolides?
|
Adult nematodes
Good larvicides |
|
|
How safe are Macrolides? What is mammalian toxicity related to? What are the signs of toxicity?
|
In general, wide safety margin
Toxicity related to GABA Signs: dilated pupils, ataxia, confusion, depression, collapse |
|
|
What breed of dogs should NOT be given high doses of Ivermectin? Why?
|
Collies
Sensitivity due to mutation in MDR1 gene |
|
|
What Macrolide should not be administered at higher doses in foals and debilitated horses?
|
Moxidectin
|
|
|
What is the environmental effect of Ivermectin?
|
Activity against arthropods delays processing of fecal material and may have effect on pasture ecology
|
|
|
What type of worms are Praziquantel and Epsiquantel used to treat?
|
Tapeworms and flukes
|
|
|
What is the mode of action of Isoquinolones?
|
Tetanic contraction of muscles, probably related to changes in permeability of tegument to calcium
|
|
|
How safe are isoquinolones?
|
Safe
|
|
|
What is used to treat adult heartworm?
|
Arsenicals: Melarsomine
|
|
|
What drug acts on energy metabolism in protozoa and electron transport in helminthes?
|
Nitroheterocyclic drug-Nitazoxanide
|
|
|
What medication is used to treat liver fluke in ruminants?
|
Clorsulon
|
|
|
What medication available OTC is mostly used for ascarid nematodes? How does it work?
|
Piperazine
Paralyzes worms, anticholinergic |
|
|
What phylum is the most successful of all worms?
|
Nematoda: major plant and animal parasite spp.
|
|
|
What is the largest nematode?
|
Placentoma gigantissima from placenta of sperm whale
|
|
|
Describle the body of a typical nematode
|
Body surface made of cuticle
Flexible Several layers, contains collagen-like material Cuticle may form spins, ridges, alae Body wall consists of cuticle, hypodermis, and longitudinal muscles Fluid filled (hemolymph) body cavity-pseudocoel |
|
|
Describe Nematode nervous system
|
Ganglia with longitudinal nerve cords in between
Papillae--tactile receptors Acetylcholine and GABA neruotransmitters |
|
|
On what do nematodes feed? What does their mouth look like?
|
Blood, cells, mucus, intestinal contents.
Buccal capsule-->pharynx(esophagus) important in taxonomy |
|
|
What does nematode digestive system look like?
|
Intestine-single layer of absorptive cells
Excretory anus in female Cloaca in male |
|
|
Describe general nematode reproductive system
|
Most are dioecious
Some are parthenogenetic Females are bigger Males have 2ndary sexual structures used for ID Females release eggs or larvae |
|
|
Describe general nematode developmental stages
|
4 molts (ecdysis):
Cuticle restricts growth Stages in between molts are: L1-L5(preadult) Adults follow L5 with no molt |
|
|
What are orders of nematodes we studied?
|
Strongylida
Ascaridida Spirurida Enoplida Oxyurida Rhabditida |
|
|
What is the superfamily of order Ascaridida?
|
Ascaridoidea (roundworms)
|
|
|
Describe Ascarids in general
|
Large, stout-bodied, adults found in small intestine usually, feed on lumen contents, host fluid
Don't attach Laral migratory phase in definitive host is common Females very prolific, eggs in fresh feces, unembryonated (single cell), thick shell highly resistant to environmental conditions Larva develops, remains in egg Development to infective stage 2-4 weeks usually. Infective stage L2. |
|
|
What is the most common parasite of confined pigs?
|
Ascaris suum
|
|
|
How does pig gets infected with Ascaris suum?
|
It ingests eggs from the environment
Eggs hatch in sm. intestine Hepatic portal system to liver Bloodstream to lungs, molt Coughed up, swallowed Mature in sm. intestine |
|
|
What is the prepatent period for Ascaris suum?
|
6-8 weeks
|
|
|
What causes liver condemnation in pigs infected with Ascaris suum?
|
Larvae in liver causes inflammation/fibrosis.
Gross anatomy: "milk spots" Regresses in 4-6 weeks |
|
|
What are some problems associated with Ascaris suum larvae in lungs?
|
May cause cough (thumps)
Can increase susceptibility to other pathogens |
|
|
What are some problems associated with Ascaris suum larvae in small intestine?
|
Decrease food utiization
Slow growth Rarely may block bile ducts Rarely may cause obstruction/perforation |
|
|
How is Ascaris suum diagnosed?
|
By fecal exam (eggs)
(Females produce thousands daily) |
|
|
Are Ascaris suum eggs immediately infective when passed in feces?
|
NO. Require about 3 weeks to become infective, can last for years in soil.
|
|
|
When does immunity to Ascaris suum develop?
|
During period of initial infection
|
|
|
In what pigs do you see most losses/disease associated with Ascaris suum
|
In young pigs
|
|
|
What would you do to control Ascaris suum?
|
Sanitation and fecal removal
-Flame -Pressurized steam -Hot lye water |
|
|
How would you treat Ascaris suum?
|
Emphasis on prefarrowing sows, premarket pigs
Fenbendazole Pyrantel Ivermectin Doramectin Levamisole Dichlovos |
|
|
Can other species of animals get Ascaris suum by ingesting eggs?
|
Yes. Respiratory disease outbreaks in calves have been reported. It is also similar to A. lumbricoides--human ascarid
|
|
|
What is a human ascarid similar to A. suum of pigs?
|
Ascais lumbricoides
Infects 1/3 of world population Occasionally in US, usually in kids, SE |
|
|
What is a common ascarid of horses?
|
Parascaris equorum
|
|
|
What is the lifecycle of Parascaris equorum?
|
Like A. suum:
Lungs 1 week post infection SI approximately 2 weeks post infection Prepatent period 11-14 weeks |
|
|
What are pathologic changes in horse's lungs associated with Parascaris equorum?
|
Mechanical damage: increased by immune response
Increased susceptibility to pathogens Nasal discharge Unthrifty, poor condition May have permanent effects in severe cases |
|
|
What can very heavy infection with Parascaris equorum lead to? What's the treatment?
|
Perforation or impaction (uncommon)
May require surgery Poor prognosis |
|
|
What age group of horses is most susceptible to Parascaris equorum?
|
Foals and yong horses
Immunity develops, adults rarely have patent infection |
|
|
What measures of control do you implement against Parascaris equorum?
|
Eggs require 2 weeks to become infective, so remove manure
5% phenol disinfectant solution for cleaning stalls |
|
|
How do you treat Parascaris equorum infection?
|
Macrolides (larvicidal)Fenbendazole (larvicidal)
Resistance to Ivermectin, Pyrantel |
|
|
What is the typical control program for Parascaris equorum in horses?
|
Treat at 8 weeks monthly to 6 months
|
|
|
What is the common name for ascarids in small animals?
|
"arrowhead worms" because they have cervical alae
|
|
|
What is the most common ascarid of dogs in the US?
|
Toxocara canis
15% of shelter dogs 18% in Southeast |
|
|
What is the lifecycle of Toxocara canis?
|
Basic pattern of hepatotracheal infection
May also go through somatic migration, where animal becomes a somatic reservoir |
|
|
What is the age group of dogs susceptible to hepatotracheal migration?
|
Most often occurs in dogs less than 3 months of age. Less likely in older dogs
|
|
|
What type of larval migration is prefered by Toxocara canis in older dogs?
|
Somatic migration
|
|
|
What happens to somatic reservoir of Toxocara canis in pregnancy?
|
Somatic reservoir gets reactivated day 40-45 of pregnancy. Parasites are present in puppy liver at birth.
|
|
|
What is the prepatent period of Toxocara canis?
|
3 weeks
|
|
|
What are other routes of infection of Toxocara canis (other than transplacental and from ingesting eggs)?
|
Transmammary: less important
Transport hosts: rodents, birds, earthworms Dam may get infected through coprophagia |
|
|
What are clinical signs of Toxocara canis?
|
Most are seen in puppies:
potbellied appearance Poor hair coat Failure to gain Diarrhea and constipation Colic Vomiting Pneumonia Death in some heavy infections |
|
|
How do you diagnose Toxocara canis infection?
|
Fecal exam
|
|
|
What is the public health importance of Toxocara canis treatment?
|
Zoonotic to children
|
|
|
What do you treat Toxocara canis with in puppies/dogs?
|
Pyrantel in young puppies
Fenbendazole Many heartworm preventatives Treat others as needed |
|
|
What would you do for control of Toxocara canis?
|
Remove feces every day
Wash surfaces with 1% bleach solution (strips away sticky coat, but doesn't kill) |
|
|
What is the most common parasite in cats similar to Toxocara canis in dogs?
|
Toxocara cati
|
|
|
What are the routes of infection with Toxocara cati in cats?
|
Direct
Transport hosts Transmammary transmission |
|
|
How do kittens get Toxocara cati?
|
It is transported through milk, and kittens should be treated
|
|
|
How do Toxascaris spp differ from Toxocara spp?
|
Parasites of dogs, cats, wild animals
Much less prevalent Not prenatal/transmammary transmission |
|
|
What are clinical symptoms of Toxocara canis in HUMANS?
|
Visceral larva migrans (larva anywhere)
Ocular larva migrans (larva in eye) |
|
|
What are the symptoms of Toxocara canis visceral larva migrans in HUMANS?
|
Eosinophilia
Fever Hepatomegaly Respiratory signs Rarely encephalitis Risk factors: age, pica |
|
|
What are the symptoms of Toxocara canis ocular larva migrans in HUMANS?
|
More common than VLM
Endophthalmitis Partial loss of vision |
|
|
What are the risk factors for Toxocariasis?
|
Socioeconomic group
Non-metrapolitan area Dog ownership |
|
|
What is a raccoon ascarid that causes visceral larva migrans in many species? What are clinical signs of this parasite?
|
Baylisascarid procyonis
Severe CNS signs with several fatalities in children |
|
|
Could Baylisascarid procyonis cause a patent infection in dogs?
|
Rarely
|
|
|
What is the method of control of Baylisascarid procyonis?
|
Treat captive raccoons
-Fenbendazole -Pyrantel -Macrolides |
|
|
What ascarid affects pandas?
|
Baylisascarid schroederi
|
|
|
Are ascarids in cattle a big problem in the US?
|
No, but may be important worldwide.
|
|
|
What are the signs of ascaridida infections in birds? Are they common?
|
Common in wild and free range birds
Weight loss Ruffled featheres Depressed |
|
|
Family Anisakidae of Superfamily Ascaridoidea are parasites of what animals?
|
Marine
|
|
|
How do marine animals get infected with Anisakidae?
|
By eating fish
|
|
|
Can humans get Anisakidae? If yes, what can you do to prevent it?
|
Yes, they can by eating raw, pickled fish
Larvae try to leave GI tract-very painful Larvae killed by: -cooking -freezing for 24 hours at -20C |
|
|
How often should puppies with Toxocara canis be treated to prevent shedding?
|
Every 2 weeks starting at 2 weeks of age.
|
|
|
What are superfamilies belonging to the order Strongylida?
|
Trichostrongyloidea
Strongyloidea Ancyclostomatoidea Metastrongyloidea |
|
|
What are morphologic characteristics of Strongylida order?
|
Bursate nematodes
-modified cuticle used in reproduction Buccal capsule variable in size and shape Adults are blood or tissue feeders |
|
|
What is general lifecycle of Srongylida?
|
Direct lifecycle: fecal-oral
Most members produce simiar eggs: oval, thin, shell, ball of cells inside (morula) L1 develops in egg, hatches, develops to L3 eating bacteria in environment, retains cuticle of L2 as protective sheath. |
|
|
What do larval development and survival depend on?
|
Local climate
Dessication is most important negative factor. Temperature tolerance vaires with spp, but extremes are bad |
|
|
What are factors that promote development of L3 from egg?
What are factors that promote survival of L3? |
Egg-->L3: Warm temperature (50F min), moisture
L3 survival: cool temperature, moisture |
|
|
What is the name of larval stage that becomes dormant for variable time period (L3 or L4), also called "arrested development"?
|
Hypobiosis
|
|
|
What makes larva undergo hypobiosis?
|
Proportion of arrested larvae increases during the time of year when survival of larvae on pasture is lowest
|
|
|
What are general charachteristics of Trichostrongyloidea family?
|
Small thread-like worms
ID based on male bursa and spicules Buccal capsule is small GI parasites 1 lungworm genus Important ruminant parasites |
|
|
What is the general lifecycle of Trichostrongyloidea family?
|
Definitive host ingests L3. No migration in host from GI except lungworm.
|
|
|
Parasitic gastroenteritis in ruminants or HOT complex is due to what 3 genera of Trichostrongyloidea family?
|
Haemonchus
Ostertagia Trichostrongylus |
|
|
What are two less important genera of Trichostrongyloidea family?
|
Cooperia
Nematodirus |
|
|
What is the brown stomach worm of cattle and sheep?
|
Ostertagia ostertagi--cattle
Ostertagia circumcincta--sm. ruminants |
|
|
What is the pathogenesis of Ostertagia ostertagi?
|
Cattle ingests L3 from pasture
Larvae enter gstric glands for minimum of several days Emerge into lumen, become adults While in gastric gland, facilitate cell dedifferentiation, hyperplasia, nodule formation, decreased pepsin production, high pH of Abomasal lumen |
|
|
What is the minimal prepatent period of Ostertagia spp?
|
Minimum prepatent period: 3 weeks.
Maximum 4-6 months |
|
|
What are the clinical sings of Ostertagiasis?
|
Light infection: no effect
Moderate infection: -anorexia -decreased production Heavy infection: -diarrhea -anorexia/weight loss -unthriftyness hypoprotenemia (bottle jaw) |
|
|
What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 syndromes caused by Ostertagia?
|
Type 1: result of accumulation of worms to pathogenic theshold; many animals are affected, mid to late grazing season; few fatalities; diarrhea, wt. loss
Type 2: follows resumption of development by large number of hypobiotic larvae; few animals affected; when arrested larva emerges; high proportion of deaths; acute, severe diarrhea, dehydration |
|
|
How fast does immunity to Ostertagia develops in cattle?
|
Gradually over several grazing seasons
|
|
|
What is the most important helminth of small ruminants in eastern US and the world?
|
Haemonchus contortus
|
|
|
What is bovine equivalent of Haemonchus contortus of small ruminants?
|
Haemonchus placei
|
|
|
What are characteristics of Haemonchus spp?
|
Abomasal blood sucking parasite
If you can see worms in ruminant abomasum, it's Haemonchus |
|
|
What is Haemonchus contortus life cycle?
|
Prepatent period 2-3 weeks
Very prolific Likes warm weather, humidity Winter hypobiosis in US |
|
|
What are clinical signs of Haemonchus spp infection?
|
Anemia (NOT diarrhea)
Failure to gain wt/wt loss Anorexia Bottle jaw |
|
|
What is the stomach/abomasum spp of Trichostrongylus genus?
What is its host range? |
Trichostrongylus axei
-horses -ruminants -rarely pig |
|
|
What is the clinical sign of Trichostrongylid axei in heavy infection?
|
Diarrhea
|
|
|
What Trichostrongyloidea spp infect small intestine of ruminants?
|
Cooperia spp.
|
|
|
How is Nematodirus spp different from other Trichostrongyloidea superfamily spp?
|
Eggs are uniue
N. helvetianus in calves on lots may be pathogenic |
|
|
What Trichostrongyloidea superfamily spp are parasites of trachea and bronchi?
|
Dictyocaulus spp.
|
|
|
What genus is the parasite of trachea and bronchi in cattle?
|
Dictyocaulus viviparus
|
|
|
What genus is the parasite of trachea and bronchi in small ruminants?
|
Dyctyocaulus filaria
|
|
|
What genus is the parasite of trachea and bronchi in horses?
|
Dyctyocaulus arnfeldi
|
|
|
In what geographical location Dyctyocaulus spp are most important?
|
Northern Europe (US too hot and dry in summers)
|
|
|
What is the lifecycle of Dyctyocaulus?
|
L3 larvae migrate from intestine to lungs
Females lay eggs that hatch immediately Larvae coughed up, swallowed, passed in feces Eggs, larvae, and adults cause verminous pneumonia |
|
|
What are clinical signs Dyctyocaulus?
|
Cough
Tachypnea Dyspnea |
|
|
How is Dyctyocaulus diagnosed? How is it treated?
|
Baermann exam for lavae
Treated with most anthelmintics |
|
|
What is the typical history of horse with Dyctyocaulus?
|
Grazing with donkeys
Uncommon infection, hard to diagnose |
|
|
What is Trichostrongyloidea superfamily parasite of pigs?
|
Hyostrongylus
Pathologic lesions similar to Ostertagia |
|
|
What is the important parasite of grouse?
|
Trichostrongylus tenuis
|
|
|
What egg can be easily confused with Trichuris eggs?
|
Eucoleus (Capillaria)
|
|
|
Is Trichurius common in cats?
|
No. It's very rare, but may be present in cats in FL
|
|
|
What is the parasite of bladder of dogs and cats?
|
Pearsonema spp (Capillaria in older texts)
|
|
|
How can you diagnose Pearsonema spp? What problem is associated with Pearsonema spp?
|
Eggs in urine. Do not do free catch sample collection.
May cause cystitis |
|
|
What Trichinelloidea superfamily spp are common in wild and exotic birds?
|
Capillaria spp
|
|
|
Can ruminants get Capillaria spp? How important is it in ruminants?
|
Yes, they can, but it's of NO importance.
|
|
|
What spp are small worms that live in SI of warm blooded animals?
|
Trichinella spp
|
|
|
What disease is produced by Trichinella spp?
|
Trichonosis.
Zoonotic |
|
|
How do Trichinella spp differ from other spp?
|
Each infected animal is a definitive AND intermediate host
|
|
|
How can humans get infected with Trichinella spp? What are the symptoms?
|
By eating infected pork
Enteritis from adults Myalgia, fever, respiratory and cardiac failure 5 larvae/g muscle fatal for humans |
|
|
What impact did Trichinella spp have on the swine industry?
|
Enormous impact:
Caused perception that pork is unsafe Expensive testing conducted in Europe (antibody and microscope tests) Potential export barrier and perception problem |
|
|
What is the prevalence of Trichinella spp now? Why has it decreased?
|
Prevalence is very low
It decreased with introduction of Trichinae herd certification program |
|
|
What other meat can Trichinella spp be acquired?
|
From bear meat: most common source of US cases
Bear spp survives freezing |
|
|
Where can pinworms be found? How widely are they distributed?
|
Usually small adluts in large intestine
Spp in horses, rodents, ruminants, reptiles, people |
|
|
Can humans give/get pinworms to people?
|
NO. Dogs and cats do NOT get pinworms
|
|
|
What order do pinworms belong to?
|
Oxyurida
|
|
|
What is the only pinworm in common domestic spp you see?
|
Oxyuris Equi in horses
|
|
|
What do Oxyurida eggs look like?
|
May have polar plug, often flattened appearance on one side
|
|
|
Are pinworms very pathogenic?
|
No, they are not
|
|
|
What are clinical signs of Oxyuris equi?
|
"Rat-tailed" appearance to tail
Pruritus |
|
|
What is the diagnosis for pinworm infection?
|
"Scotch tape test" for eggs, because they will not be in feces
|
|
|
How do you treat a pinworm infection?
|
Any modern anthelmintics
|
|
|
Where do most members of order Rhabditida live?
|
Most are free living nematodes
Only one important genus |
|
|
What is the only one important genus of order Rhabditida?
|
StrongylOIDES found in small intestine
|
|
|
What spp of Strongyloides are parasites of humans and dogs?
|
Strongyloides stercoralis
|
|
|
What spp of Strongyloides are parasites of foals?
|
Strongyloides westeri
|
|
|
What spp of Strongyloides are parasites of swine?
|
Strongyloides ransomi
|
|
|
How big are Strongyloides worms?
|
Very small (6mm)
|
|
|
Are Strongyloides infections common?
|
No.
|
|
|
How do dogs get infected with Strongyloides?
|
Milk
Skin penetration Ingestion |
|
|
What are clinical signs of Strongyloides stercoralis?
|
Most infections asymptomatic
Diarrhea, bronchopneumonia from migration Most serious in immunosuppressed dogs and humans |
|
|
How do you diagnose Strongyloides stercoralis?
|
Detection of L1 with Baermann exam. (Suspend fecal sample in water, larvae falls down by gravity)
|
|
|
How do you treat Strongyloides stercoralis infection?
|
Ivermectin is best
|
|
|
What is the primary route of infection with Strongyloides ransomi in pigs?
|
Primarily transmammary infection
|
|
|
What are clinical signs of Strongyloides ransomi infection?
|
Neonatal diarrhea
Stunting |
|
|
How do you diagnose Strongyloides ransomi in pigs?
|
Larvated egg in feces
|
|
|
How do you treat Strongyloides ransomi infection?
|
With Macrolides given to sow prefarrowing
|
|
|
How is Strongyloides westeri transmitted in horses? Is it common?
|
It is transmitted in milk. Uncommon in well-managed horses
|
|
|
What is the prepatent period of Strongyloides westeri?
|
About 2 weeks
|
|
|
How do you treat Strongyloides westeri infection in horses?
|
With Macrolides
|
|
|
Do Strongyloides spp occur in ruminants?
|
Yes, they do, but rarely cause disease.
|
|
|
Do free living spp of Rhabditida cause problems?
|
Occasionally, they are opportunistic parasites that invade skin of anima kept on moist, soiled bedding and may cause dermatitis
|
|
|
What are some common characteristics of Order Enoplida Superfamily Trichinelloidea?
|
Stichosome esophagus
Stichocytes are glandular cells |
|
|
What is the common name of Trichuris?
|
Whipworms
|
|
|
What are general characteristics of Trichuris spp(whipworms)?
|
Whip-shaped body
Anterior end entwined within layer of epithelial cells Bipolar eggs passed in feces; infective larvae develops in egg (weeks) Direct life cycle |
|
|
How resistant to environmental stress are Trichuris spp?
|
Very
|
|
|
What is one of the BIG THREE helminths in dogs that belongs to order Enoplida?
|
Trichuris vulpis: canine whipworm
|
|
|
What is the lifecycle of Trichuris vulpis?
|
2 weeks minimum to develop
Larvae enter gut wall for a few days, emerge and mature 3 months prepatent period |
|
|
What are clinical signs of Trichuris vulpis infection?
|
Many infections asymptomatic-like hookworms
Heavy infections may produce clinical disease Diarrhea: smelly maybe heamatochezia Vomiting Anemia |
|
|
What age group is most affected by Trichuris vulpis?
|
Any age. Unlikely in very young dogs.
|
|
|
Superfamily Strongyloidea of Order Strongylida are parasites of what body region?
|
GI tract
|
|
|
Give general characteristics of subfamily Strongyloidea.
|
Large buccal capsule: plug feeders
Tend to be bigger than trichostrongyles |
|
|
What are the most important members of superfamily Strongyloidea?
|
Common equine strongyles:
Family Strongylidae -Lg. strongyles (Subfamily Strongylinae) -Sm. strongyles (Subfamily Cyathostominae) |
|
|
What are general characteristics of Strongylidae family?
|
Parasites of equine large intestine
Expect all horses to have some Produce typical strongylid eggs |
|
|
What are general characteristics of Subfamily Cyathostominae?
|
Most numerous and important strongyles in horses and other equids
About 40 spp up to 2cm General strongylid lifecycles from egg to L3 |
|
|
Do Cyathostomes have shorter prepatent periods than trichostrongyles?
|
Yes, they do.
|
|
|
What age horses are most susceptible to cyathostomes?
|
Young horses
Adult horses may be overwhelmed by large numbers |
|
|
What are general characteristics of Subfamily Strongylinae?
|
Adults 3-5 cm in length
Make up small proportion of total worm numbers in horses Larvae usually undergo a migratory phase in the host Only a few spp in subfamily |
|
|
What is the most important stage of Strongylus vulgaris?
|
Larval stages
Following infection L4 migrates through arteries reaches junction of cranial mesenteric artery and aorta Larvae damage vessels leading to thrombus formation; worms in large thrombus at base of cranial mesenteric and ileo-cecal-colic vessels Verminous arteritis |
|
|
What is the prepatent period of Strongylus vulgaris
|
Mature, prepatent period 6 months after infection
|
|
|
What is the complication of Strongylus vulgaris thrombus formation?
|
Thrombus can block blood flow; interfere with nerve transmission
Portions of thrombus may break off, block blood flow distally In severe cases necrosis of portions of bowel occurs Prominent clinical sign-colic |
|
|
Are complications of Strongylus vulgaris treatable?
|
Yes, lesions regress after worms leave or treatment
Adult worms do little damage |
|
|
What do you treat Strongylus vulgaris infection with?
|
Macrolides (effective against larvae and adults)
|
|
|
Are other large strongyles a problem in animals?
|
Not really. Larvae migrate in liver, other tissues and create nodules in wall of liver on return. Mostly noted during necropsy
|
|
|
What spp of Superfamily Strongyloidea are found in cattle, small ruminants, pigs?
|
Oesophagostomum spp.
|
|
|
Where do Oesophagostomum spp adults live? What is their significance?
|
In large intestine. Larvae in intestinal mucosa.
They may lead to production losses in heavy infection |
|
|
What leads to a large nodule formation in case of Oesophagostomum larvae?
|
Immune response
|
|
|
What is the tracheal parasite of birds of superfamily Strongyloidea?
|
Gapeworm (Syngamus)
Y-shaped |
|
|
What measures of control would you implement against order Strongylida parasites?
|
Grazing animals HAVE to be on some kind of control
-Reduce parasite exposure on pasture -Immunity of the host -Drugs |
|
|
What was the biggest failure of the "feed store"?
|
Development of resistance
Horses: BZDs, pyrantel Small ruminants: everything Cattle: emerging |
|
|
For whom should the safest pasture be reserved?
|
For the most vulnerable animals
-young -Periparturient -Stressed -High performance Pasture should hav low #s of larvae |
|
|
What measures can be implemented to increase parasite control on pasture/immunity of the host?
|
Reduce stocking density
Remove manure (horses) After grazing pasture, harvest regrowth for hay Pasture rest Diversification is good for parasite control Alternate/mixed grazing |
|
|
What natural behaviors of domestic animals increase host immunity?
|
Horses and cattle will not graze around fecal mass
Goats are browsers Llamas defecate in community piles |
|
|
How can you use immunity of the host to your advantage?
|
Cull highly susceptible animals
Select resistant animals Selective deworming programs Use less dewormer Deworm animals that need it most |
|
|
What elements are you looking for while designing selective deworming programs
|
Fecal egg counts
Conjunctival mucous membranes Grouping animals by age, etc. |
|
|
What deworming products are used most often in CATTLE and SMALL RUMINANTS?
|
Macrolides
Benzimidazoles Levamisole |
|
|
What deworming products are used most often in HORSES?
|
Macrolides
Pyrantel Benzimidazoles |
|
|
What order and family do hookworms belong to?
|
Order Strongylida
Superfamily Ancylostomatoidea Family Ancylostomatidae |
|
|
Where do hookworms live?
|
Small intestine of small animals, ruminants, humans, and others
|
|
|
What is the typical appearance of a hookworm?
|
Large buccal capsule, teeth or cutting plates. They are BLOODSUCKERS
|
|
|
What is the lifecycle of a typical hookworm?
|
Typical strongylid egg
Development as for other strongylids Development best in moist, shaded, slightly sandy loam (doesn't have to be grassy). |
|
|
What are hookworm spp of CANINES?
|
Ancylostoma caninum
Ancylostoma braziliense Uncinaria stenocephala |
|
|
What are hookworm spp of FELINES?
|
Ancylostoma tubaeformae
Ancylostoma braziliense Uncinaria stenocephala |
|
|
What is the life cycle of Ancylostoma caninum?
|
Prolific females
Eggs passed in feces Hatch rapidly in warm weather L3 formed in about 7 days at 72F -2 days at 99F |
|
|
What are the routes of transmission of Ancylostoma caninum?
|
Skin penetration
Ingestion of larvae Ingestion of transport host |
|
|
What is the fate of larvae of Ancylostoma caninum in a dog?
|
Adult in small intestine OR
Enter intestine wall later emerge OR Migrate to join somatic reservoir |
|
|
What happens to larvae of Ancylostoma caninum in somatic reservoir?
|
Reactivation of arrested larvae
-Migration to mammary gland Transmammary transmission to puppies (major route) Transplacental transmission (minor) -Migrate to small intestine (mechanism for repopulation after treatment) |
|
|
What are some clinical signs of Ancylostoma caninum?
|
Diarrhea-melena
Anemia, hypoproteinemia Unthriftiness Skin lesions |
|
|
What age group of dogs is most susceptible to hookworms?
|
Puppies
Most adults infected but no disease unless immunocompromised, overwhelmed by parasite numbers, or malnourished |
|
|
How do you diagnose Ancylostoma caninum?
|
Fecal
Must distinguish from other strongylid eggs Prepatent period depends on infection route (2 wks minimum) Clinical signs especially in young puppies |
|
|
How do you treat Ancylostoma caninum?
|
Canine anthelmintics (except piperazine) effective
Repeat treatment at 2-3 weeks Many heartworm preventatives effective |
|
|
What control can you implement for Ancylostoma caninum?
|
Pick up feces promptly
At least 2X/week Wash surfaces with 1% bleach, larvae exsheathe, die faster |
|
|
What is the uncommon hookworm of CATS?
|
Ancylostoma tubaeformae
|
|
|
How pathogenic is Ancylostoma tubaeformae?
|
Not as pathogenic as A. caninum; not much skin penetration; don't see heavy burdens in kittens
|
|
|
What is the hookworm of DOGS and CATS in coastal Southern US and south?
|
Ancylostoma braziliense
Vigrous skin penetrator |
|
|
What are public health concerns with Ancylostoma?
|
Larvae can penetrate human skin (especially Ancylostoma braziliense)Produces serrpiginous tracks known as "Cutaneous Larva Migrans"
Occurs most frequently in people with lots of soil contact Rare cases of adult development in human GI tract (A. caninum) |
|
|
What hookworm infects DOGS and rarely CATS with more Nothern distribution that tolerates cold weather?
|
Uncinaria stenocephala
|
|
|
Is Uncinaria stenocephala pathogenic?
|
Not highly, not much of a skin penetrator.
Mixed infections with Ancylostoma around here |
|
|
What is a hookworm of ruminants?
|
Bunostomum spp
|
|
|
What are characteristics/symptoms of Bunostonum spp?
|
Subtropical and tropical
Skin penetrator, can cause cutaneous larvae migrans Large numbers can cause severe anemia, death |
|
|
Describe some general characteristics of superfamily Metastrongyloidea
|
Different characteristics from other members of the order
-Long, slender adults in lungs and other tissue sites Usually intermediate host invertebrate or mollusc Usually diagnose larvae in feces |
|
|
What is a feline lungworm of superfamily Metastrongyloidea?
|
Aleurostrongylus abstrusus
|
|
|
What is the intermediate host of Aleurostrongylus abstrusus?
|
Mollusc plus transport hosts
|
|
|
What are clinical signs of Aleurostrongylus abstrusus?
How do you treat it? How do you diagnose it? |
Subclinical to serious respiratory disease
Diagnose by Baermann for larvae Treat with Ivermectin, long term Fenbendazole |
|
|
What is a memingeal vessel worm of white tailed deer of the Eastern US, Canada? What is its intermediate host?
|
Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
Intermediate host: snail |
|
|
Where is larvae of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis passed?
|
In feces
|
|
|
What is the pattern of migration of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis?
|
In deer, migrate from GI up spinal cord to reach brain
Abnormal hosts develop CNS symptoms Signs range from lameness to paralysis No definitive antemortem diagnostic test |
|
|
What is the treatment of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis infection?
|
High dose anthelmintic, antiinflammatory drugs
|
|
|
What control should you exercise to prevent Parelaphostrongylus tenuis infection?
|
Exclude deer from pasture
Snail/slug control Anthelmintic treatment |
|
|
What is the common name for Haemonchus contortus?
|
The barber pole worm
|
|
|
Describe general characteristics of order Spirurida superfamily Filaroidea
|
Parasites of connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.
Adults feed on lymph or plasma Long slender worms, no distinctive characteristics usually insect intermediate host Females produce microfilaria |
|
|
What is microfilaria?
|
Larvae less developed than L1
|
|
|
What is the name for CANINE heartworm?
|
Dirofilaria immitis
|
|
|
What are other definitive hosts of Dirofilaria immitis? What are other hosts of Dirofilaria immitis?
|
Definitive:
-Califronia sea lions -Wild canids -Ferrets Other hosts: -Cats -Humans |
|
|
What is the general appearance of Dirofilaria immitis?
|
Long, thin-females reach 28cm
Found in pulmonary arteries and right heart |
|
|
What is the life cycle of Dirofilaria immitis?
|
Adult females produce microfilariae which circulate in peripheral blood
Mosquito consumes microfilariae with blood meal They develop to L3 in mosquito about 10-14 days in warm weather L3 deposited at the site of bites In DH migrates through tissue and abdominal wall to thorax Reach pulmonary arteries and heart about 70 days after infection, but further development still required Adult worms and MF productio nabout 190 days after infection |
|
|
What are some of the uncommon clinical signs of heartworm?
|
Rarely may see signs of glomerulonephritis, dermatitis
|
|
|
How long can microfilaria survive?
How long can adult heartworm survive? |
Microfilaria can survive up to 1 year
Adults can live 5+ years in dogs |
|
|
How would you diagnose Dirofilaria immitis?
|
Microfilariae detection
Heartworm antigen test |
|
|
What are some problems with MF only heartworm testing techniques?
|
Misses single sex
Only detects patent infections Misses immune clearance of MF Misses if on macrolides |
|
|
How early can you detect a heartworm antigen?
|
The earliest is 5 months after infection
In low worm burdens antigenemia may not develop until 9 months |
|
|
When should puppies first be tested?
|
Interval to first testing of dogs 7 months after birth
|
|
|
Why should you test dogs before starting on preventative?
|
Adverse reaction possible if microfilariae present
|
|
|
What is the additional procedure you can perform to diagnose heartworm in dogs?
|
Radiography and other imaging procedures
|
|
|
What is the treatment for heatworm?
|
Arsenicals
-Melarsomine (Immiticide) Macrolides for microfilariae Hospitalize dog on the day of treatment |
|
|
What is the risk associated with heartworm treatment?
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Risk of pulmonary thromboembolism
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What do Arsenicals treat?
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Adult heartworm infection
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What are the most common heartworm preventatives?
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Macrolides monthly
Ivermectin Selamectin Milbemycin Moxidectin |
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What do montly macrolide heartworm preventatives treat?
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Larvae acquired in the previous 45-60 days
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What are additional effects of macrolides in heartworm prevention?
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Sterilize adults
Kill microfilariae Safety net effects |
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What are safety net effects of macrolides?
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Ivermectin over long periods of time:
Growing worms are stunted Female reproductive tract atrophies Worm vitality reduced Prevents or reduces development of disease by gradually clearing infection The younger the worms, the greater the effect |
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Can CATS get Dirofilaria immitis?
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Prevalence is lower than dogs (5-20% of canine prevalence)
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What symptoms of Dirofilaria immitis do cats have?
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Many show no signs
Clinically affected animals: -Respiratory signs -Vomiting -Exercise intolerance -Sudden death Disease occurs with parasite death either as larvae or adults -Inflammation and thromboembolism |
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Specifically what causes problems in cats with heartworm disease?
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Most problems are from cat response to larvae
May be misdiagnosed as asthma or allergic bronchitis Heartworm Associated Respiratory Disease (HARD) |
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What is the diagnosis of heartworm disease in cats?
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Problematic
Rarely MF+ Antigen test maybe negative due to low worm burden Pre-prophylaxis testing: -Establishing baseline Do both antibody and antigen tests |
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What is the treatment of FELINE Dirofilariasis?
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Difficult: arsenicals toxic, risk of thromboembolism; supportive care
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What is the other host that can get Dirofilaria?
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Ferrets
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What can Dirofilaria cause in humans?
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Insignificant, may cause radiographic lesions in lungs
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What is the parasite of canine SC tissue with no pathogenic importance, but MF can be confusing which can be differentiated microscopically or by antigen test?
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Dipetalonema reconditum
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What adult worm can be found in horse's nuchal ligament? What is the IH?
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Onchocerca cervicalis
IH: Culicoides (midge) |
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What are clinical problems associated with Onchocerca cervicalis?
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Inflammation
Nonseasonal dermititis Eye lesions |
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How do you treat Onchocerca cervicalis?
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Macrolides
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What is the stomach worm of wild animals, dogs, anc cats? What is its IH?
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Physaloptera
IH: Corpophagous beetles |
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Is Physaloptera pathogenic?
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Not usually, maybe chronic vomiting
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How do you diagnose Physaloptera?
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Eggs dont' float well-use sugar or sedimentation
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What Spirurida spp live in nodules in equine stomach? What are their intermediate hosts?
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Draschia and Habronema
IH: stable and house fly Flies deposit larvae around mouth or other moist areas, larvae cause "summer sore" in other locations that can be mistaken for exuberant granulation tissue, neoplasia |
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What spp of Spirurida is an "Eye worm"?
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Thelazia
Lives in conjunctival, lacrimal sacs Eggs in tears, eaten by face and some other flies Several spp infect horses, cattle, dogs |
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Is Thelazia pathogenic?
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Not usually, but may cause conjunctivitis
Treatment: removal |
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What are general characteristics of phylum platyhelminthes?
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Flat mostly, hermaphrodites, definitive host diagnosis-eggs
At least 1 intermediate host Tapeworm and flukes |
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What class do tapeworms belong to?
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Class Cestoda
Sgmented, relatively long In GI tract--gutless At least 1 intermediate host |
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What 3 region is the body of Cyclophyllideans divided into?
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Scolex: suckers/hooks
Neck:region of cell division, gives rise to segments (Proglottids) Strobila: collective term for all segments (body of tapeworm, oldest segments last) |
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What two orders does class Cestoda include?
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Order Cyclophyllidea
Order Pseudophyllidea |
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What two classes does phylum Platyhelminthes include?
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Class Cestoda
Class Trematoda |
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What structures does scolex contain?
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Suckers/hooks
Attaches to gut wall |
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What does each segment of a tapeworm have?
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All repro organs mature and immature, GRAVID contains fully developed eggs
Maturation occurs as moves down the chain |
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What do you see in feces of animals with tapeworm infection?
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Gravid segments often passed out of host
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What is the general name of any larval stage of a tapeworm?
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Metacestode
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What family do most tapeworms belong to?
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Family Taeniidae
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What are the three families of order Cyclophyllidea?
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Taeniidae
Dilepididae Anoplocephalidae |
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What do segments of Taeniidae tapeworms look like?
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Square to rectangular in shape
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What stages of development of tapeworms are the most important ones for disease and economic loss?
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Larval stages
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What is the DH of Taenidae tapeworms? What is the IH of Taenidae tapeworms?
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DH: predator mammal
IH: hebrivore or omnivore |
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Do Taenidae eggs always show up in fecals?
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May or may NOT be there; fecals often negative
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What is the basic metacestode stage of family Taeniidae?
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Cysticercus
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What is and infection/disase caused by cysticercus stage of Taenids called?
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Cysticercosis
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Name Taeniid spp with small animal definitive hosts
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Taenia pisiformis
Taenia taeniaeformis Taenia hydatigena Echinococcus granulosus Echinococcus multilocularis |
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What tapeworm is common in SUBURBAN/RURAL outside DOGS? What is the IH and clinical signs?
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Taenia pisiformis
Rabbit is an intermediate host Clinical signs are minimal to none |
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What is the tapeworm of CATS common in hunting cats? What is the IH and clinical signs?
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Taenia taeniaeformis
Small rodent is IH Inapparent infection |
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What is the tapeworm of DOGS with ruminants and pigs as intermediate hosts?
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Taenia hydatigena
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What is the metastode stage of Taenia hydatigena? What does it look like?
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Cysticerci attached to peritoneal membranes
May cause confusion at the slaughter house or amongst hunters |
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What tapeworm of international importance has a DOG/SHEEP cycle?
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Taenia multiceps
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What tapeworm is of economic importance in Australia and New Zealand (gids)
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Taenia ovis
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What two tapeworms belong to genus Echinococcus?
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E. granulosus
E. multilocularis |
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How do spp of Echinococcus genus reproduce?
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Asexual multiplication in metacestode stage
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Are Echinococcus tapeworms zoonotic?
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Yes. They are zoonotic
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What is the definitive host of Echinococcus granulosus? What is its IH host
|
DH: Canid
IH: Usually sheep, some strains in horses, camels, humans |
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What does Echinococcus granulosus form in IH?
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UNILOCULAR Hydatid cyst (1 chamber); grows like a balloon
Usually in liver, lung--asymptomatic in IH |
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What do hydatid cysts of E. granulosus cause in humans?
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Hydatidosis: related to location
Treatment often surgical Widespread globally |
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What is the tapeworm of foxes, and sometimes dogs and cats? What is the IH?
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Echinococcus multilocularis
IH: small rodents (humans) |
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What is the larval stage of Echinococcus multilocularis?
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MULTILOCULAR hydatid cyst, which grows by budding chambers
More difficult to remove surgically than unilocular cyst Present in Alaska, Europe, Asia, Canada, nothern US |
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What are two Taenia spp with human DH?
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Taenia saginata
Taenia solium |
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What is the IH of Taenia saginata?
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Bovines are IH for Taenia saginata
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What is the metastode stage of Taenia saginata?
|
Cysticercoids
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How do humans get infected with Taenia saginata? What are the symptoms?
|
Cysticercoids in bovine muscle
Mild abdominal discomfort Common in many developing countries, uncommon in US |
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How can you kill cysticerci?
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By heating to 56C or freezing to -5C for a week
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What is the parasite of humans with pig as an intermediate host? (Humans can also be IH)
|
Taenia solium
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What problem is caused by Taenia solium cysts? What are the clinical signs?
|
Human cysticercosis in Latin America, Middle East, Asia
Clinical signs develop when cysts die in NS -Headache -Confusion -Seizures |
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What is the metacestode stage in non-Taeniad Cyclophyllidean tapeworms?
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Cysticercoid: smalll cyst with a single scolex
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What is the most common tapeworm of DOGS and CATS transmitted by fleas?
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Dipylidium caninum
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How do dogs get infected with Dipylidium caninum?
|
Flea larvae eats eggs, host infected when ingests adult flea
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What is the clinical problem associated with Dipylidium caninum? How serious is the infection?
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Not really a clinical problem, maybe some perianal irritation
Zoonosis results in uncommon infections in children |
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What spp of tapeworm infect horses? How do they get infected?
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Anoplocephala,
Paranoplocephala Infection from ingesion of cysticercoid in pasture mites |
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What spp of tapeworm infect ruminants? How do they get infected?
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Monezia
Infection from ingesion of cysticercoid in pasture mites |
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What is the most common tapeworm of horses?
|
Anoplocephala perfoliata
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Where do adlut Anoplocephala perfoliata live in a horse?
|
Cluster at ileo-cecal junction
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What is a clinical presentation of Anoplocephala perfoliata?
|
Usually asymptomatic , but occasionally may cause inflammation and ulceration
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What is the diagnosis of Anoplocephala perfoliata?
|
Difficult to diagnose
Fecals often negative |
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What do you treat Anoplocephala perfoliata with?
|
Praziquantel
Previously Pyrantel 2X |
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What do you treat Moniezia infestaion in ruminants with?
|
Benzimidazoles
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How significant are Moniezia spp in ruminants?
|
Not very
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Do birds get tapeworms and do they cause pathogenesis?
|
Yes, Avian tapeworms can be pathogenic
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|
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What type of parasites belong to order Pseudophyllidea?
|
Tapeworms with at least one aquatic animal
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What do eggs of Pseudophyllidea look like in fecals?
|
Look like fluke eggs, brownish, operculated, passed as eggs, not segments
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|
What is the "zipper tapeworm" with CATS, sometimes DOGS, and wild animals as DH?
|
Spirometra
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|
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How do CATS, DOGS, and wild animals get infected with Spirometra?
|
Infected by eating amphibians or reptiles
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What is a tapeworm of broad fish? What spp can get infected?
|
Diphyllobothrium
Dogs, cats, humans, wild carnivores can get infected by eating fish |
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|
What are two orders of class Trematoda?
|
Digenea: flukes of domestic animals and humans
Monogenea: external parasites of fish, reptiles, and invertebrates |
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What are some general characteristics of order Digenea?
|
Leaf shaped, unsegmented, 2 suckers
Mostly 2 intermediate hosts, but first ones is always a snail Egg operculated produced by adult |
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What life stage of Digenea order ENTERS an IH snail?
|
Miricidium: undergoes asexual developmentin several morphologic forms: sporocyst, redia
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What is the larval stage of Digenea order that LEAVES the snail?
|
Cercaria: swims, ingested in land cycles
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What is the second larval stage of Digenea order?
|
Metacercaria: in/on second intermediate host. It's what the DH ingests
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|
What is the name of a liver fluke of RUMINANTS that can also infect dogs, cats, horses, people, and rabbits?
|
Fasciola hepatica
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|
|
How important is liver fluke?
|
Important where occurs
Causes liver condemnation, production losses in ruminants, hepatic disease insmall animals |
|
|
Where are adults of Fasciola hepatica found? Where are eggs found?
|
Aduilts in bile ducts
Eggs passed in feces |
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|
How do metacercariae get into a definitive host?
|
They encyst on vegetation, and get ingested by definitive host
|
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What happens to Fasciola hepatica after it gets ingested by definitive host?
|
It leaves intestine and migrates to liver
Larval migration in the liver (several weeks) Enter bile ducts and mature |
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|
What does Fasciola hepatica cause in cattle?
|
Cause of chronic poor doing
Anemia, hypoprotenemia Weight loss, decreased milk production Immunity gradually develops |
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|
What does Fasciola hepatica cause in a sheep?
|
More severe, may be fatal disease than in cattle
|
|
|
How do you diagnose Fasciola hepatica?
|
Fecal exam
SEDIMENTATION procedure, not very sensitive |
|
|
What control would you implement to reduce Fasciola hepatica? How do you teat F.hepatica?
|
Routine treatment required where common
Treat when transmission is low, worms mostly adults, snails dormant Albendazole, Clorsulon Drugs not very effective against larvae Management: drain, fence out |
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|
What part of the country is Fasciola magna important in? What animals have it?
|
Midwest, not generally important in US
Liver fluke of whitetailed deer Causes disease in sheep and goats |
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|
What is a lung fluke of DOGS, CATS, and wild carnivores?
|
Paragonium kellicoti
|
|
|
Where are adults of Paragonium kellicoti in cysts located? What are 1st and 2nd intermediate hosts of P. kellicoti?
|
Lung parenchyma
1st IH: snail 2nd IH: crayfish Transport hosts may also be involved |
|
|
What are clinical symptoms of Paragoium kellicoti?
|
May be asymptomatic or cause clinical respiratory disease
|
|
|
How do you diagnose Paragonium kellicoti infection?
|
Fecal
Eggs may float but often distorted Sedimentation test probably best Treatment not routine: Fenbendazole for long time or Praziquantel at high dose |
|
|
What intestinal fluke of Northwest carries rickettsial organism which causes "salmon poisoning" in dogs? What is its 2nd IHs?
|
Nanophyetus salmincola
2nd intermediate host: fish |
|
|
What other disease does Nanophyetus samincola carries?
|
Ehrlichia risticii (Potomac Horse Fever)
|
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