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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Muscles are classified by ___ & _____ muscles. This classification has fallen out of avor because such a color distinction alone underestimates thh complexity of muscles.
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red, white
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location classification: _______ _______ moves bones (or cartilages)
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somatic muscles
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location classification: ________ _______ control the activity of organs, vessels, and ducts
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visceral muscles
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control classification: _________ _______ are under immediate conscious control
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voluntary muscles
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control classification: ___________ _______ are not under immediate conscious control
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involuntary muscles
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microscopic classification: ________ muscle appears to have cross bands or striations
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skeletal
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microscopic classification: Individual _______ muscle cells are short, mononucleate, often branched, and joined to each other by distincy intercalated disks.
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cardiac
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microscopic classification: ______ muscle lacks striations
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smooth
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__________ is the term given to the cell membrane in a muscle cell
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sarcolemma
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the elaboraded smooth endoplasmic reticulum in a muscle cell
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sarcoplasmic reticulum
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individual skeletal muscle cells are usually les than _ __ long
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5 cm
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long units that pack each skeletal muscle cell
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myofibrils
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chain of repeating units in a myofibril
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sacromeres
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thick myofilament
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myosin
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thin myofilament
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actin
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specialized attachment sites of cardiac muscle
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intercalated disks
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individual skeletal muscle cells are wrapped in this connective tissue
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endomysium
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groups of skeletal muscle cells are bundled by more of these wrappings
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perimysium
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the entire muscle is covered by this outer sheet of fibrous connective tissue
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epimysium
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by convention, the term muscle fiber applies to ________ or ______, but not a _______ muscle cell
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skeletal, smooth, cardiac
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fleshy part of a muscle organ
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belly or gaster
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ends of a muscle organ that join skeleton or adjacent organs
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attachments
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bundle of muscle cells defined by its particular perimysium
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fascicle
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various wrappings of connective tissue extend beyond the ends of the muscle fibers establishing a cordlike attachment called _______
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tendons
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Tendons drawn out into thin, flat sheets of tough connetive tissue are ___________
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aponeuroses
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sheets of fibrous connective tissue that wrap and bind parts of the body together
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fascia
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a muscle receiving no nervous stimulation is relaxed or in a _______ _____
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resting state
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1. The direction of an applied force that tends to pull apart an object. 2. The force produced by muscle contraction.
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tensile force
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When nerves stimulate a muscle to its thershold level, contraction results and generates tensile force, constituting the ______ _____ of the muscle
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active state
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The bone to which the muscle is attached and the masss that must be moved represent this external resistance
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load
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6 muscle functions
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movement (restraint), protection, heat production, noise, very low voltage electricity, protein source
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5 ways of muscle classification
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embryonic origin, color, location, nervous control, microscopic appearance
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Because cardiac cells can contract w/o nervous stimulation, the __________ _____ are a means of communication
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intercalated disks
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Muscle action that decreases the angle at the joint
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flex
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Muscle action that increases the angle at the joint
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extend
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Muscle action that moves bone away from midline
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abduct
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Muscle action that moves bone toward the midline
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adduct
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Muscle action to project
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protraction
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Muscle action to bring in
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retraction
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Muscle action to lift
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elevate
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Muscle action to drop
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depress
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rotation: ventral side up, dorsal side down
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supination
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rotation: dorsal side up, ventral side down
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pronation
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sphincter: to close
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constrict
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sphincter: to open
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dialate
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dark macromolecule that stores oxygen and looks red
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myoglobin
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relatively slow contracting, low force, sustained contraction muscles
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tonic fibers
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generally fast contracting muscle
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twitch (phasic) fibers
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force required to stretch the relaxed muscle to greater lengths that results from th elastic constituents of the muscle, mainly from its collagenous fibers
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passive tension
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measurement of tension at different lengths when the muscle is contracting
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total tension
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contribution of tension made by the active component alone, derived from the difference between total tension and passive tension
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active tension
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nervous excitation is ___-__-____
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all-or-none
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One way in which graded force is generated is by ____ __________
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rate modulation
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Up to a point, force increases as the ____, not the intensity, of arriving nerve impulses increases.
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rate
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single motor neuron together with the unique set of muscle fibers it innervates
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motor unit
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the cross-sectional area of a muscle perpendicular to its longitudinal axis
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morphological cross section
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a muscle's ____________ _____ _______ represents the cross-sectional area of all muscle fibers perpendicular to their longitudinal axes
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physiological cross section
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a long muscle and a short muscle of equal physiological cross sections, generate the ____ forces
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same
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muscle in which all fibers lie along the line of tension generated
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parallel muscle
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muscle in which all fibers lie oblique to the line of force generated, and it is inserted on a common tendon that receives the incluned muscle fibers
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pinnate muscle
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