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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is released from mitochondria during apoptosis?
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Cytochrome C
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What characteristics are found in reversible cell injury?
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Cellular swelling, nuclear chromatin clumping, decreased ATP synthesis, decreased glycogen, fatty change, and ribosomal detachment
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What characteristics are found in irreversible cell injury?
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Nuclear pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis, Ca2+ influx (caspase activation), plasma membrane damage, lysosomal rupture, and mitochondrial permeability
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What causes reperfusion injury?
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Damage by free radicals
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What mediates fluid exudation in inflammation?
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Histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin
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Which molecules recruit neutrophils to sites of injury or inflammation?
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C5a, IL-8, leukotriene B4, and Kallikrein
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What vitamin is very important for fibroblast emigration, proliferation, and deposition of ECM?
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Vitamin C
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What is acute inflammation mediated by?
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Neutrophil, eosinophil, and antibody
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What leukocyte protein is responsible for leukocyte rolling?
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Sialyl Lewis
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What vascular protein is responsible for leukocyte rolling?
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E-selectin (endothelial), P-selectin (platelets)
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What leukocyte protein is responsible for leukocyte tight binding?
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LFA-1 ("integrin"; CD18); defective in leukocyte adhesion deficiency type I
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What vascular protein is responsible for leukocyte tight binding?
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ICAM-1
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What leukocyte protein is responsible for leukocyte diapedesis?
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PECAM-1
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What vascular protein is responsible for leukocyte diapedesis?
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PECAM-1
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What vascular protein is responsible for leukocyte migration?
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Bacterial products, IL-8, C5a, leukotriene B4, Kallikrein (think CILK)
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How do free radicals induce cell injury?
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Free radicals induce cell injury through membrane lipid peroxidation, protein modification, and DNA breakage.
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What is the protein and what is it derived from that causes senile cardiac amyloidosis?
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The protein is transthyretin, and it is derived from AF.
ATTR fibril |
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What is the protein and what is it derived from that causes diabetes melliitus type 2 amyloidosis?
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The protein is Amylin and it is derived from AE.
AIAPP fibril |
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What is the protein and what is it derived from that causes medullary carcinoma of the thyroid amyloidosis?
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The protein is A-CAL and it is derived from calcitonin.
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What is the protein and what is it derived from that causes dialysis-induced amyloidosis?
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The protein is Beta2-microglobulin and it is derived from MHC class I proteins.
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Desmoplasia
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Fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm.
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What does tumor grade describe?
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Degree of cellular differentiation
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What does tumor stage describe?
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Degree of localization/spread; spread of tumor in a specific patient.
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What types of cancer are associated with tuberous sclerosis?
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Astrocytoma, angiomyolipoma, and cardiac rhabdomyoma
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What type of neoplasma does Sjogren's syndrome predispose you for?
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B cell lymphomas
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What type of neoplasm is associated with acanthosis nigricans?
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Visceral malignancy (stomach, lung, breast, uterus)
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What type of neoplasm is associated with radiation exposure?
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Sarcoma, papillary thyroid cancer
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Abl oncogene is associated with what tumor?
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CML
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C-myc oncogene is associated with what tumor?
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Burkitt's lymphoma
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Bcl-2 oncogene is associated with what tumor?
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Follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas
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Erb-B2 oncogene is associated with what tumor?
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Breast, ovarian, and gastric carcinomas
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K-ras oncogene is associated with what tumor?
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Colon carcinoma
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L-myc oncogene is associated with what tumor?
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Lung tumor (esp small cell)
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N-myc oncogene is associated with what tumor?
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Neuroblastoma and small cell lung cancer
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Ret oncogene is associated with what tumor?
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MEN types IIa and IIb, medullary and papillary carcinoma of the thyroid
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C-kit oncogene is associated with what tumor?
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GI stromal tumor (GIST)
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p16 tumor suppressor gene is associated with what tumor?
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Melanoma
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DPC tumor suppressor gene is associated with what tumor?
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Pancreatic cancer
DPC = Deleted in Pancreatic Cancer |
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DCC tumor suppressor gene is associated with what tumor?
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Colon cancer
DCC = Deleted in Colon Cancer |
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CEA tumor marker
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Carcinoembryonic antigen; nonspecific but produced by 70% of colorectal and pancreatic cancers; also produced by gastric and breast carcinomas. Mostly a GI tumor marker.
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CA-125 tumor marker
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Ovarian, malignant epithelial tumors, any peritoneal irritation (not very specific)
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S-100 tumor marker
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Melanoma, neural tumors, astrocytomas
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Bombesin tumor marker
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Neuroblastoma, lung and gastric cancer
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CA-19-9 tumor marker
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Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
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What type of cancer are aflatoxins associated with?
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Hepatocellular carcinoma of the liver
This toxin is produced by Aspergillus |
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What type of cancer are naphthalene dyes associated with?
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Bladder (transitional cell carcinoma)
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What type of cancer are alkylating agents associated with?
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Blood (leukemia)
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What type of cancer is radon associated with?
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Lung cancer
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What type of cancer is arsenic associated with?
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Skin (squamous cell carcinoma), liver (angiosarcoma)
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What type of cancer is cigarette smoke associated with?
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Larynx (squamous cell carcinoma), lung (squamous cell and small cell carcinomas), kidney (renal cell carcinoma),
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What types of neoplasms can cause erythropoietin to be secreted, causing polycythemia?
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Renal cell carcinoma, hemangioblastoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and pheochromocytoma
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What paraneoplastic effects can small cell lung cancer have?
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Cushing's syndrome, due to ACTH or ACTH-like peptide.
SIADH, due to ADH. Lambert-Eaton syndrome, due to antibodies against presynaptic Ca2+ channels at NMJ. |
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What paraneoplastic effects can leukemias or lymphomas have?
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Gout or urate nephropathy, due to hyperuricemia due to excess nucleic acid turnover (i.e. cytotoxic therapy)
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What types of neoplasms produce psammoma bodies?
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Papillary adenocarcinoma of thyroid, Serous cystadenocarcinoma of ovary, Meningioma, and Malignant mesothelioma
PSaMMoma |
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What causes a decrease in ESR?
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Sickle cell anemia, polycythemia, and CHF
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What are the most common sites of liver cancer to have originated from?
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Colon > Stomach > Pancreas > Breast > Lung
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