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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Hydration
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phosphoric acid catalyst (H3PO4)
Alkene(g) + Steam --> Alcohol eg. Ethene(g) + H20(g) --> Ethanol |
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Halogenation
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RTP
Electrophilic Addition Bromine molecule breaks by heterolytic fission Alkene + Halogen --> Halogenoalkane eg. Ethene + Bromine --> 1,2-dibromoethane |
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Addition of Hydrogen
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catalyst is nickel
150 deg.c alkene + h2 --> alkane eg. ethene + h2 --> ethane |
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Addition of Hydrogen Halides
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Gases at RTP
bubbled into liquid alkanes eg. Ethene + HBr --> Bromoethane HBr bond breaks by heterolytic fission |
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Making Ethanol
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Hydration of ethene
Fermentation |
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Hydration of Ethene
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phosphoric acid catalyst (H3PO4)
300 deg.C, 60 atm Ethene (g) + H2O (g) --> Ethanol (l) |
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Fermentation
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catalyst is zymase (enzyme in yeast)
37 deg.C (denatures any higher) C6H12)6 (aq) --> 2CH3CH2OH (aq) + 2CO2 (g) glucose --> ethanol + carbon dioxide |
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uses and properties of methanol
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clean-burning fuel
used in high performance racing cars smells like ethanol extremely toxic feedstock for chemical industry can be converted to methanal and ethanoic acid |
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uses of ethanol
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alcoholic beverages
perfumes, aftershaves, cleaning fluids being developed as an alternative to petrol to fuel cars |
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properties of alcohols
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hydrogen bonds
relatively high boiling points low volatility dissolve in water solubility decreases as chain length increases (larger part of molecule made up of a non-polar hydrocarbon chain, hydrocarbon chain does not form hydrogen bonds with water molecules) |
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oxidation of alcohols
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primary and secondary can be oxidised using an oxidising agent
oxidising agent is potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) or sulfuric acid (H2SO4) changes colour from orange to green alcohol + oxidising agent --> aldehyde + H2O (primary, distil immediately) alcohol + oxidising agent --> carboxylic acid + H2O (primary, reflux) alcohol + oxidising agent --> ketone + H2O (secondary, heat) |
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dehydration of alcohols
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elimination reaction
catalyst is concentrated phosphoric acid (H3PO4) or concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) heated under reflux for ~ 40 mins alcohol --> alkene + H2O |
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esterification
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catalyst is concentrated sulfuric acid
alcohol warmed with carboxylic acid to produce ester eg. propanoic acid + methanol --> methyl propanoate + H2O OH bond on carboxylic acid broken, H on alcohol removed, OH + H --> H20 used as adhesives and solvents, perfumes and food flavourings |
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hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes
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nucleophilic substitution
reflux halogenoalkane reacts with hot hydroxide ions (commonly aqueous sodium hydroxide) eg. 1-chloropropane (aq) + OH- (aq) --> propan-1-ol (aq) + Cl- (aq) |
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reactivity of halogenoalkanes
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electronegativity of halogens decrease down the group
C-F is more electronegative than C-I bond enthalpies decrease down the group bond enthalpies have a bigger effect than polarity therefore rate of hydrolysis increases down the group (bonds broken more easily) |
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radical polymerisation
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200 deg.c + high pressures
leads to branching of polymer chain e.g poly(styrene) |
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ziegler-natta process
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catalyst - TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)2Cl
60 deg. c |
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catalytic converter
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made from platinum, rhodium, palladium on a honeycomb mesh (large surface area).
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mintreal protocol
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protects ozone layer
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stockholm convention
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encourage governments to eliminate/reduce release of toxic POPs (persistent organic pollutants)
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