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199 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Jamestown |
first permanent English settlement in the Americas (1607), along James River |
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Mayflower Compact |
foundation for self-government laid out by the first Massachusettssettlers before arriving on land |
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Mercantilism |
ensured trade with mother country, nationalism; too restrictive oncolonial economy, not voted on by colonists |
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The Enlightenment |
emphasis on human reason, logic, and science |
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Benjamin Franklin |
opposed to unnecessary unfair taxation |
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The Great Awakening |
return to Puritanism, increased overall religious involvement |
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Albany Plan of Union |
colonies proposed colonial confederation under lighter British rule(crown-appointed president, "Grand Council"); never took effect |
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Proclamation of 1763 |
prohibited settlements west of Appalachian, restriction on colonialgrowth |
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Salutary Neglect |
Parliament took minor actions in the colonies, allowing them toexperiment with and become accustomed to self-government, international tradeagreements |
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Townsend Act (1767) |
similar to Navigation; raised money to pay colonial officials byAmerican taxes; led to Boston boycott of English luxuries |
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Sugar Act |
increased tariff (taxes) on sugar (and other imports), attempted to harderenforce existing tariffs (taxes) |
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Stamp Act |
taxes on all legal documents to support British troops, not approved bycolonists through their representatives |
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Stamp Act Congress |
held in New York, agreed to not import British goods until Stamp Act wasrepealed |
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Boston Tea Party |
peaceful destruction of British tea in Boston Harbor by colonistsdisguised as Native Americans |
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Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts) |
in reaction to the Boston Tea Party; closing of Boston Harbor,revocation of Massachusetts charter (power to governor), murder in the name ofroyal authority would be tried in England or another colony |
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Thomas Paine, Common Sense |
stressed to the American people British maltreatment and emphasize aneed for revolution; appealed to American emotions |
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George Washington |
American commander-in-chief; first president, set precedents for futurepresidents, put down Whiskey Rebellion (enforced Whiskey Tax), managed firstpresidential cabinet, carefully used power of executive to avoid monarchicalstyle rule |
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Articles of Confederation |
states joined for foreign affairs, Congress reigned supreme (lackedexecutive and judicial), one vote per state, 2/3 vote for bills, unanimous foramendments; too much power to states, unable to regulate commerce or taxes |
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Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |
defined process for territories to become states (population reached60,000), forbade slavery in the new territories |
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Alexander Hamilton |
pushed for Assumption (federal government to assume state debts), pushedcreation of the National Bank (most controversial), loose interpretation ofConstitution, leader of Federalist Party |
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James Madison |
strong central government, separation of powers, "extendedrepublic" |
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Shay's Rebellion |
mistreated farmers, fear of monocracy, forced people to think aboutcentral government |
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Connecticut Compromise |
advocated by Roger Sherman, proposed two independently-voting senatorsper state and representation in the House based on population |
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Virginia Plan |
bicameral congressional representation based on population |
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New Jersey Plan |
equal representation in unicameral congress |
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Federalism |
strong central government provided by power divided between state andnational governments, checks and balances, amendable constitution |
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Changes in the Constitution from the Articles |
stronger union of states, equal and population-based representation,simple majority vote (with presidential veto), regulation of foreign andinterstate commerce, power to enact taxes, federalcourts, easier amendment process |
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Elastic Clause ("necessary and proper") |
gives Congress the power to pass laws it deems necessary to enforce the Constitution |
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Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists
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Anti-Federalists wanted states' rights, bill of rights, unanimousconsent, reference to religion, more power to less-rich and common people; Federalists strong central government, more power to rich,separation of church and state, stated that national government would protectindividual rights |
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The Federalist Papers |
written anonymously by Hamilton, Jay, and Madison; commentary onConstitution, republicanism extended over large territory |
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Bill of Rights |
protected rights of individual from the power of the central government |
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Bank of the United States |
Hamilton's plan to solve Revolutionary debt, Assumption highlycontroversial, pushed his plan through Congress, based on loose interpretationof Constitution |
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Strict vs. Loose interpretation of the Constitution |
loose interpretation allowed for implied powers of Congress (such as theNational Bank), strict interpretation implied few powers to Congress |
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Whiskey Rebellion |
Western Pennsylvanian farmers' violent protest against whiskey excisetax, Washington sent large army to put down revolt, protests to be limited tonon-violent |
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Nullification |
states could refuse to enforce the federal laws they deemed unconstitutional |
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Federalists and Republicans |
the two political parties that formed following Washington's presidency;Federalists for stronger central government, Republicans for stronger stategovernments |
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Washington's Farewell Address |
warned against: permanent foreign alliances and political parties calledfor unity of the country, established precedent of two-term presidency |
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Alien and Sedition Acts |
meant to keep government unquestioned by critics, particularly of theFederalists |
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12th Amendment |
required separate and distinct ballots for presidential and vicepresidential candidates |
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Marbury v. Madison |
John Marshall declared that the Supreme Court could declare federal lawsunconstitutional = JUDICIAL REVIEW! |
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Missouri Compromise (1820 |
Maine as free state, Missouri as slave state, slavery prohibited northof 36°30' |
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Monroe Doctrine |
Europeans should not interfere with affairs in Western Hemisphere |
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Jackson's Presidency |
focused on the "Common Man;" removal of Indians, annexation of territory |
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Indian Removal Act |
Jackson was allowed to relocate Indian tribes in the Louisiana Territory |
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"Trail of Tears" |
Cherokee tribe forced to move from southern Appalachians to reservationsin current-day Oklahoma, high death toll |
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Spoils System |
Providing political jobs to close friends |
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Kitchen Cabinet |
Jackson used personal friends as unofficial advisors over his officialcabinet |
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Nullification Controversy |
southern states (especially South Carolina) believed that they had theright to judge federal laws unconstitutional and therefore not enforce them |
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Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 |
for women's rights, organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth CadyStanton, modeled requests after the Declaration of Independence |
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Underground Railroad |
network of safe houses of white abolitionists used to bring slaves tofreedom |
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Harriet Tubman |
worked alongside Josiah Henson to make repeated trips to get slaves outof the South into freedom |
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Nativism |
anti-immigrant, especially against Irish Catholics |
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Stephen Austin |
American who settled in Texas, one of the leaders for Texan independencefrom Mexico |
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James K. Polk |
"dark horse" Democratic candidate; acquired majority of the westernUS (Mexican Cession, Texas Annexation, Oregon Country), lowered tariffs,created Independent Treasury |
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Manifest Destiny |
stated the United States was destined to span the breadth of the entirecontinent with as much land as possible, advocated by Polk |
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |
acquired Mexican Cession (future California, Arizona, and New Mexico);Mexico acknowledged American annexation of Texas |
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California Gold Rush |
gold discovery in Sutter's Mill in 1848 resulted in huge mass ofadventurers in 1849, led to application for statehood, opened question ofslavery in the West |
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Fugitive Slave Act |
runaway slaves could be caught in the North and be brought back to theirmasters (they were treated as property — running away was as good as stealing) |
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Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin |
depicted the evils of slavery (splitting of families and physicalabuse); increased participation in abolitionist movement, condemned by South |
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Know-Nothing (American) Party |
opposed to all immigration, strongly anti-Catholic |
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John Brown |
Brown aimed to create an armed slave rebellion and establish black freestate; Brown executed and became martyr in the North |
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Dred Scott v. Sandford |
slaves could not sue in federal courts (blacks no longer consideredcitizens), slaves could not be taken from masters except by the law, MissouriCompromise unconstitutional, Congress not able to prohibit slavery in a state |
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Emancipation Proclamation |
issued by Lincoln following Antietam (close enough to a victory toempower the proclamation), declared slaves in the Confederacy free (did notinclude border states), symbolic gesture to support Union's moral cause in thewar |
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Andrew Carnegie |
achieved an abnormal rise in class system (steel industry), pioneeredvertical integration (controlled Mesabie Range to ship ore to Pittsburgh),opposed monopolies, used partnership of steel tycoons (Henry Clay Frick as amanager/partner), Bessemer steel process |
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John D. Rockefeller |
Standard Oil Company, ruthless business tactics (survival of thefittest) |
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Sherman Anti-Trust Act |
forbade restraint of trade and did not distinguish good from bad trusts,ineffective due to lack of enforcement mechanism (waited for Clayton Anti-TrustAct) |
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Knights of Labor |
founded by Uriah Stephens (1869); excluded corrupt and well-off; equalfemale pay, end to child/convict labor, employer-employee relations,proportional income tax; "bread and butter" unionism (higher wages,shorter hours, better conditions |
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American Federation of Labor |
craft unions that left the Knights (1886), led by Gompers, women leftout of recruitment efforts |
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Samuel Gompers |
focused on skilled workers (harder to replace than unskilled),coordinated crafts unions, supported 8¬hour workday and injury liability |
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Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) |
10-year moratorium on Chinese immigration to reduce competition for jobs(Chinese willing to work for cheap salaries) |
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Social Darwinism |
natural selection applied to human competition, advocated by HerbertSpencer, William Graham Sumner |
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New immigrants vs. old immigrants |
old immigrants from northern and western Europe came seeking betterlife; new immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe searching foropportunity to escape worse living conditions back home and often did not stayin the US |
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Populist Party |
emerged from Farmers' Alliance movement (when subtreasury plan wasdefeated in Congress), denounced Eastern Establishment that suppressed theworking classes;s |
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Plessy v. Ferguson |
Supreme Court legalized the "separate but equal" philosophy |
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Jim Crow laws |
educational and residential segregation; inferior facilities allotted toAfrican-Americans, predominantly in South |
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Triangle Shirtwaist fire |
workers unable to escape (locked into factory), all died; furtherencouraged reform movements for working conditions |
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Booker T. Washington |
proponent of gradual gain of equal rights for African-Americans |
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WEB DuBois, Souls of Black Folk |
opposed BTW's accommodation policies, called for immediate equality,formed Niagara Movement to support his ideas |
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People |
formed by white progressives, adopted goals of Niagara Movement, inresponse to Springfield Race Riots |
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Muckrakers |
uncovered the "dirt" on corruption and harsh quality ofcity/working life Ida Tarabell (oilcompanies) David Graham Phillips (Senate) Aschen School (child labor) |
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Upton Sinclair, The Jungle |
revealed unsanitary nature of meat-packing industry, inspired MeatInspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) |
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Women's Christian Temperance Union |
led by Francis Willard, powerful "interest group" followingthe civil war, urged women's suffrage, led to Prohibition |
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Theodore Roosevelt |
first "modern" president, moderate who supported progressivism(at times conservative), bypassed congressional opposition significant role in world affairs |
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Square Deal |
Roosevelt's plan that aimed to regulate corporations (Anthracite coalstrike, Dept. of Commerce and Labor, Elkins and Hepburn Acts), protectconsumers (meat sanitation), and conserve natural resources (NewlandsReclamation Act) |
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Woodrow Wilson |
Democratic candidate 1912, stood for antitrust, monetary change, andtariff reduction; far less active than Roosevelt, Clayton Anti-trust Act (toenforce Sherman), Child Labor Act |
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Yellow journalism |
created by Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst; aimed to exciteAmerican imperialist interests; media bias, subjective representation of events |
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Spanish American War (1898) |
McKinley reluctant; armed intervention to free Cuba from Spain;Roosevelt's "Rough Riders" made attack on Spanish at Cuba |
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Explosion of USS Maine |
meant to provide evacuation opportunity for Americans in Cuba; internalaccidental explosion blamed on Spanish mines, leading to Spanish¬ American War |
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Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine |
U.S. felt it was its duty to "watch out" for the interests ofother countries in the Western hemisphere; provided justification for invasionsof Latin America |
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Panama Canal |
needed to protect new Pacific acquisitions |
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Dollar Diplomacy |
government would protect America's foreign investments with any forceneeded; under president Taft |
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Zimmerman Note |
intercepted by Britain; Germany proposed alliance with Mexico, usingbribe of return of TX, NM, and AZ; Japan included in alliance |
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Unrestricted submarine warfare |
Germany announced that it would sink all (including American) ships,attempt to involve U.S. in war |
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Schenk v. U.S. |
court case, upheld constitutionality of Espionage Act; Congress right tolimit free speech during times of war |
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"Red Scare" (1919) |
anti-communist crusades due to fear of radicalism spurred by Bolshevikrebellion |
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Nativism |
severe immigration laws to discourage and discriminate against foreigners,believed to erode old-fashioned American values |
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Ku Klux Klan |
spread quickly; opposed everything that was not White Anglo-SaxonProtestant (WASP) (and conservative), Stephenson's faults and jail sentence ledto demise |
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National Origins Act (1924) |
reduced quota, reduced numbers from eastern and southern Europe, Asiansbanned, Canadians and Latin Americans exempt |
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Sacco and Vanzetti Trial |
prejudiced jury sentenced them to death, caused riots around the world,new trial denied |
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Scopes Trial |
Darwinian (influenced by jazz age and new scientific ideas) againstFundamentalist (the Bible and Creationism); John Scopes convicted for teachingDarwinism (defended by Clarence Darrow); Scopes found guilty |
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Prohibition, rise of organized crime |
supported by women and churches, instituted by Volstead Act, lackedenforcement; bootlegging and speakeasies, Al Capone and John Dillinger —gangsters and organized crime (casual breaking of the law)ac |
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Henry Ford's assembly line |
mass production of the Model-T, workers as potential consumers (raisewages), supported other industries and raised employment |
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Jazz |
dance music, slave spirituals adapted into improvisation and ragtime;jazz migrated along with African Americansin the Great Migration |
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Harlem Renaissance |
authors included Langston Hughes, McKay, Zora Neale Hurston, CounteeCullet — praise and expression of black culture of the time |
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Charles Lindbergh |
considered a hero for his solo crossing of the Atlantic by plane |
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Teapot Dome scandal |
Albert Fall accused of accepting bribes for access to government oil inTeapot Dome, Wyoming |
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Farm crisis |
agricultural depression as precursor to the depression; unheeded omen ofproblems in the economic structure (prices too low — too much supply for thedemand |
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Causes of the depression |
rise in stock prices and speculation, decline of construction industry,mistaken "trickle-down" economics, reliance on credit |
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Stock market crash |
(1929) stock prices fell drastically; without buyers, the stocks becameessentially worthless; cause bank crashes |
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Hoovervilles |
sets of cardboard box houses that epitomized the country's blame onHoover for the cause of the Depression |
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President Franklin Roosevelt |
introduced his "New Deal," won election by a relativelandslide (he was not Hoover, whom the public now did not trust) |
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New Deal |
FDR's plan (although vague during the campaign) to restart the economyand pull America out of the Great Depression |
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"Brain Trust" |
FDR's inner circle of experts rather than just politicians in thecabinet |
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Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) |
Part of "First" New Deal Program, subsidies to farmers todecrease production and thus increase prices |
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Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) |
Part of "First" New Deal Program (1933-1935), hydroelectricpower to river valley; brought social and economic development to very poorarea |
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Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) |
Part of "First" New Deal Program (1933-1935), employed youngjobless men with government projects on work relief and environment |
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Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA) |
Part of "First" New Deal Program (1933-1935), provided morefunds to state and local relief efforts |
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Public Works Administration (PWA) |
Part of "First" New Deal Program (1933-1935), Harold Icicles,provided public construction projects |
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Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) |
Part of "First" New Deal Program (1933-1935), insured deposits< $5000, reassured American public of the worth of banks |
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Social Security Act of 1935 (SSA) |
Part of "Second" New Deal Programs (1935-1938), used withheldmoney from payrolls to provide aid to the unemployed, industrial accidentvictims, and young mothers; principle of government responsibility for socialwelfare |
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Works Progress Administration (WPA) |
Part of "Second" New Deal Programs (1935-1938), Harry Hopkins;provide work for unemployed and construct public works, &c. throughEmergency Relief Appropriation Act; much like Civil Works Administration |
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“Okies" and "Arkies" |
Americans who were forced out of their homes in Oklahoma and Arkansas(respectively) due to the dust storms and drought known as the Dust Bowl |
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Critics of FDR |
Father Charles Coughlin (benefited only wealthy people and corporations), Huey Long ("share our wealth"), Francis Townshend (Old Age Revolving Pension) |
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Good Neighbor Policy |
withdrawal of American troops from foreign nations |
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Lend-Lease Act (1941) |
President to offer military supplies to nations "vital to thedefense of the US"; ended US neutrality (economic war against Germany);Hitler began to sink American ships (limited scale) |
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Pearl Harbor |
Japanese bombing of ships in harbor; resulted in FDR's request fordeclaration of war against Japan; Germany and Italy responded with declarationsof war |
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Reasons for US to drop atomic bombs |
risk of too many casualties and high costs for hand-to-handcombat/invasion, Japanese surrender unlikely |
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Yalta Conference (1945) |
established world organization; Soviet Union pledged to allow democraticprocedures in Eastern Europe; pledge broken, led to Cold War |
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The Homefront |
westward migration of workers (new economic opportunities, esp. aircraftindustry), high rates of divorce and family/juvenile violence, women encouragedto work in factories, still held inferior to men |
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Rationing |
Americans at home reminded to conserve materials in all aspects of lifeto support the military; resulted in saving up of money to cause economic boomafter war |
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Rosie the Riveter |
symbol of women workers during the war |
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President Harry Truman |
first president to show positive response to civil rights movement;worked heavily on keeping Soviet spread of communism in check |
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Jackie Robinson |
first African-American in major league baseball |
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Desegregation of Armed Forces (1947) |
banned racial discrimination in federal practices; To Secure TheseRights called for desegregation, anti-lynching, end of poll taxes |
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Fair Deal |
preservation of New Deal, attempt at additions; raised minimum wage,public housing, old-age insurance extension, agricultural price supports(lowering of farm price) |
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Truman Doctrine |
support people oppressed by communism and non-democratic governments;worked with democratic governments in Greece, Turkey, and Israel |
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Marshall Plan |
US provided financial assistance to recover economies in Europe; aimedtowards anti-communist governments in France, Italy, and Germany; EasternEuropean nations prohibited from receiving help from US |
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Berlin Airlift |
Soviets cut Berlin off from the rest of Germany by blockade; USorganized airlift to drop supplies into Britain; blockade lifted in May 1949 |
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Korean War |
Soviet-aided North Korea attack on South Korea; MacArthur named general on behalf of UN (excluded Russia), US supplied majority of troops; recapture of South Korea and suppression of North forces to northern border; |
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President Dwight D. Eisenhower |
Republican, popular hero of WWII; "dynamic conservatism" as amiddle ground btw. Rep. and Dem.; Interstate Highway System (ulterior motive ofweapons transportation); St. Lawrence Seaway opened Great Lakes to AtlanticOcean via locks; Depts. Of Health, Education, and Welfare to oversee New Dealprograms |
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Conformity in the 1950s |
strong patriotism and need to conform to try to avoid blame during redscare, non-churchgoers, unmarried, and critics suspected as communists |
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Suburbia |
middle class; white flight from urban areas due to African-American migration;government supported insurance for homeowners and builders |
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"Baby Boom" |
nprecedented sudden growth spurt of American population (especiallyurban and suburban areas) |
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Consumerism |
Americans could now spend what they had been told to save during the war(disposable income); increased purchasing of luxury items |
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"Affluent Society" |
economic prosperity of American society following WWII; doubling ofnational income, jobs to women, defense industry's support of economy |
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Non-conformity |
Elvis Presley, Marilyn Monroe, James Dean, Beatniks — rebelled againstconservative conformity of the rest of the country (esp. targeted youth) |
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Rock `n' Roll |
influence of African-American blues, music of the younger generation(gap between them and their parents) |
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McCarthyism |
attacked people for being communist by association and unsubstantiatedclaims |
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Domino theory |
one country that falls into communism will cause surrounding nations toalso fall "like dominos"; spurred by Southeast Asia regimes (esp.Vietnam) |
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Sputnik |
caused American hysteria (1957), fear that Soviets were technologicallysuperior; led Ike to order more rigorous education program to rival Soviets(National Defense Education Act) |
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Ike's Farewell Speech |
warned of dangerous military-industrial complex (newly-found power ofthe military to affect the path of democracy) |
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Brown v. Board of Education (1954) |
blacks denied admission to all-white school; overturned Plessy v.Ferguson, negating "separate but equal", ordered integration ofschools as soon as possible; white southerners protested (refused to attendintegrated schools) |
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Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) |
Parks arrested for refusing to give up bus seat to white man, AfricanAmerican leaders called for city-wide boycott of bus system (lasted almost 400days); Supreme Court ruled segregated buses unconstitutional |
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Martin Luther King Jr. |
led boycott, became leader of civil rights movement; urged nonviolentresistance (cf. tactics of Ghandi) |
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Election of 1960 |
Kennedy vs. Nixon, Kennedy (due to televised charisma) won over Nixon(pale and nervous) |
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President John F. Kennedy |
second youngest president, entered presidency as tensions of the ColdWar increased; unable to get major initiatives through Congress due toconservative bloc; tax cuts (economic stimulation); reluctantly gets involved incivil rights; emphasizes Space Race (man on the moon) |
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Rachel Carson, Silent Spring |
effects of pesticides on the environment; changed way Americans viewedtheir impact on nature |
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Berlin Wall |
due to threat of nuclear war, Soviets erected wall to separate EastBerlin from West Berlin (end exodus of intellect to west); symbol of communistdenial of freedom |
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Peace Corps |
created in 1961 as example of liberal anticommunism in third worldcountries; "reform-minded missionaries of democracy" |
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Bay of Pigs invasion |
CIA attempt to institute Cuban support to overthrow Castro; cover-upuncovered, became representation of Cuban resistance to American aggression |
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Cuban Missile Crisis |
storage of Soviet missiles in Cuba (threat of nuclear war); Krushchevdemanded that US never invade Cuba and remove forces from Turkey; mutualcompliance with each other's demands |
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Nuclear Test Ban Treaty |
prohibited testing of nuclear bombs above ground to slow the nucleararms race and the release of nuclear fallout into the atmosphere |
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March on Washington, "I have a dream" |
25,000 people (including whites) convened for political rally, MLK'sspeech to historical event; attempted to push civil rights bill throughCongress |
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Assassination of JFK, Warren Commission |
Assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald (hated his anti-Cuban policies); LBJinstituted Warren Commission to investigate assassination (headed by ChiefJustice Earl Warren) |
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President Lyndon B. Johnson |
dealt with Vietnam War, "Great Society" program forimprovement of American society, antipoverty and anti-discrimination programs |
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"Great Society" |
LBJ's flood of proposals to Congress for the beautification andamelioration of American society (War on Poverty, Medicare, public educationspending, public television (PBS), National Endowments for the Humanities andArts (NEH, NEA)) |
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Affirmative Action |
sets of programs geared towards minorities and oft-discriminatedpopulations |
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Civil Rights Act of 1964 |
banned racial discrimination and segregation (public), bias by federalgovernment; enforced by Equal Employment Opportunity Commission |
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Voting Rights Act of 1965 |
prohibited use of any devices (e.g., literacy tests) to deny the rightto vote and enforced black suffrage rights |
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Roe v. Wade |
court case, unconstitutionalized all state laws prohibiting women'srights to have an abortion performed during the first trimester of pregnancy |
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Cesar Chavez, United Farm Workers |
used nonviolent protest and boycott to achieve better working conditionsfor farmers (esp. Mexican-Americans) |
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Vietnam War |
United States aided South Vietnam in its war of power struggle againstNorth Vietnam, the Vietcong, USSR, and China |
|
Tet Offensive (1968) |
NLF attacked numerous South Vietnamese cities and American embassies,eventually repulsed; spoiled LBJ's record to reelection, resulted in massiveprotests in US to end the war; atrocities such that war could only end instalemate |
|
1968 as "the year of shocks" |
Tet Offensive in Vietnam, assassination of MLK and Robert Kennedy(presidential candidate), Riot of Democratic National Convention (Chicagopolice beat antiwar protestors), Black Panthers |
|
Richard Nixon (R) |
"Southern Strategy" lured many southern Democrats to theRepublican party (esp. due to southern opposition to Civil Rights Act of 1964) |
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Vietnamization |
part of Nixon's tri-faceted plan to honorably remove troops fromVietnam; wean the South Vietnamese off of American support, gradually reducingnumber of American troops present |
|
Kent State Protest |
Kent State University students protesting against invasion of Cambodia,not allowed to demonstrate, violence (murder) caused by guardsmen |
|
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I) |
Nixon agreed with USSR to achieve nuclear equality rather than thesuperiority that threatened the destruction of the world; further reducedtensions between the two countries |
|
Watergate Scandal |
despite near-guaranteed second term, campaign workers burglarized Democraticoffices, cover-up unsuccessful, resigned to avoid impeachment |
|
Energy Crisis, OPEC |
increased already high rate of inflation by quadrupling the price ofcrude oil |
|
President Jimmy Carter |
Panama Canal Treaty, diplomacy with China, end of recognition of Taiwan;little accomplished domestically due to conservative opposition, foreign policymore successful; Washington outsider, Experienced high interest rates,inflation, increased government spending, rising unemployment, decreased unionmembership |
|
Camp David Accords |
(peace btw Egypt and Israel) followed years of tension, Israel wouldleave newly acquired lands from war, Egypt would respect Israel's other landclaims; accords not completely followed, Sadat (Egypt) assassinated |
|
Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979 |
American hostages taken by US hating Shiites upon Shah's flight fromuprising, botched rescue attempts |
|
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan |
despite CIA-sponsored Soviet resistance, Afghanistan taken by SovietUnion; ended detente between USSR and US |
|
President Ronald Reagan |
offered a New Deal (reminiscent of FDR) of smaller government, reducedtaxes, and free enterprise; Washington outsider |
|
Conservatism |
belief in minimal government so as to allow the people their own freereign, lower taxes to stimulate economy, etc |
|
Reaganomics |
capitalism would become productive when uninhibited by taxes andregulation |
|
Fall of communism in Eastern Europe (1989) |
Gorbachev announced Soviet withdrawal of power from all of EasternEurope, including Berlin (wall torn down, free movement) |
|
Fall of Soviet Union (1991) |
Gorbachev decreased nuclear arsenals, Communist Party lost power, BorisYeltsin (president of Russian Republic) led Muscovites to take control |
|
Economic transition |
to service economy in late 20 century (end of industrialism) – higher focus on services (esp. education) rather than material products |
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Gulf War, "Operation Desert Storm" (1991) |
Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait despite peace treaty and refusal toabandon Iraqi occupation |
|
1992 Election |
Bush vs. Clinton vs. Perot; focus on stagnancy of economy and problemsof middle class (Clinton) |
|
President Bill Clinton |
scholarly, welfare-reform, "Contract with America,"impeachment over Monica Lewinski Scandal, War in Kosovo |
|
North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTA (1994) |
established free trade zone between Canada, United States and Mexico,net gain in jobs due to opening of Mexican markets |
|
Clinton impeachment (1997) |
helped approval ratings, not removed from office despite all the effortsof Republican congressmen |
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Bush v. Gore (2000) |
Gore promising with experience, Bush appealing by family influence andplans for presidency (tax cuts, education reform, defense, etc.) |
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9/11 Terrorist Attacks on NYC & DC (2001) |
planes hijacked by terrorists for destruction; blame pinned on Al Qaedaand Osama bin Laden, sought out in attempt to completely destroy terrorism |
|
Invasion of Afghanistan (2002) |
overthrow of the Taliban, in search of bin Laden |
|
Invasion of Iraq, removal of Saddam Hussein, 2003 |
Iran, Iraq, and North Korea designated as the "axis of evil,"institution of democratic government in Iraq to replace Hussein's dictatorship(return to spread and protection of democracy throughout the world, movingbeyond containment of communism |