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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is dysphagia, and what are common causes? |
Dysphagia = difficulty swallowing (Odynophagia is painful swallowing). Causes:
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Difference between mechanical and dysmotility |
Mechanical is most often an oesophageal problem characterised by gradual worsening and more difficulty passing solids than liquids. Dysmotility is most often an oropharyngeal problem characterised by difficulty passing solids AND liquids. Also, it may be acute |
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Anatomy of the Stomach Where is and what (if any) cell types are associated with:
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What do the following cells secrete?
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1) Mucus 2) Pepsin 3) Acids 4) Gastrin |
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What type of cell is the stomach lined with? |
Columnar epithelium |
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What is GORD, and what are its risk factors? |
GORD is the reflux of gastric contents into the oesophagus causing symptoms that interfere with daily life. Risk Factors: Obesity, Smoking, EtOH, Caffeine, Spicy foods, Excessive juice (orange/grapefruit) |
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What are the symptoms that GORD presents with? |
The symptoms of GORD can be divided into two categories: Typical and Atypical Typical
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What percentage of the population does Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) affect, and what are the risk factors involved? |
PUD affects 10-20% Risk Factors: Smoking, EtOH, Stress, Obesity, Medications, H. pylori infection Medications: NSAIDS, NSA, Bisphosphonates, Steroids NSA = None-sedating antihistamine Bisphosphonates = osteoporosis |
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What are the signs of PUD? |
Signs
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What are the symptoms of PUD |
Symptoms
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Gastritis Alphabet, what is it? |
A: Alcohol, Atrophic (older F>M, Pernicious anaemia) B: Bacteria (H pylori) C: Chemical (Aspirin, NSAIDS, EtOH) D: Duodeno-gastric reflux (Bile, post cholecystecomy) |
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What are investigations used for UPPER GI? |
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What may be seen on an OGD? |
1) Schatzki ring 2) Reflux oesophagitis 3) Hiatus hernia |
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What is the urea breath test used for and how does it work? |
Urea breath test is used to investigate H. pylori infections and the basis of the test is adding urea tagged with Carbon-13. The bacteria has a high urease activity, and will liberate the C-13 which will be exhaled and can be recorded. |
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What is Achalasia? |
A rare disease where the oesophagus is unable to relax. |
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What is a pH probe/Manometry used for? |
To evaluate reflux and motility of the oesophagus |
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What is an endoscopic ultrasound used for? |
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How is GORD/PUD managed? |
Lifestyle modifications
Other medical treatment:
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What is the difference between antacids and PPIs or H2 antagonists? |
Antacids neutralise acid, the others block acid release |
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Why might a Peptic Ulcer fail to heal? |
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What Surgical options are there to treat PUD and when is surgery indicated? |
Endoscopy to inject, clip, or heat/laser coagulate Indicated if:
Essentially anything medications can't fix |