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170 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How many bones are in the phalanges (fingers and thumb) |
15
|
|
How many bones are in the metacarpals (palm) |
5 |
|
How many bones are in the carpals (wrist) |
8 |
|
How many bones are there total within the hand and wrist? |
27 |
|
what are the two portions of the thumb? |
proximal phalange distal phalange |
|
what are the three portions of each finger? |
proximal middle distal |
|
what are the three parts of each phalanx, starting distally? |
head body base |
|
what are the three parts of each metacapal, starting proximally? |
base body head |
|
Name the joint between the proximal and distal phalanges of the first digit .. |
interphalangeal joint |
|
the joint between metacarpals and phalanges is... |
metacapalphalangeal joint |
|
what is the largest carpal bone |
capitate |
|
what is the name of the hooklike process extending _____ from the hamate |
anteriorly hamulus |
|
which is the most commonly fractured carpal bone? |
scaphoid |
|
in anatomic porision which of the bones of the forearm is located on the lateral .. thumb .. side |
radius |
|
which bone is located on the medial .. pinky .. side |
ulna |
|
The trochlear notch is part of the:
Radius Ulna Distal humerus |
Ulna |
|
the radial notch is part of the:
Radius Ulna Distal humerus |
Ulna |
|
the olecranon fossa is part of the:
Radius Ulna Distal humerus |
humerus |
|
the trochlea is part of the:
Radius Ulna Distal humerus |
humerus |
|
the coronoid tubercle is part of the:
Radius Ulna Distal humerus |
ulna |
|
the coronoid process is part of the:
Radius Ulna Distal humerus |
ulna |
|
the olecranon process is part of the:
Radius Ulna Distal humerus |
ulna |
|
the coronoid fossa is part of the: |
humerus |
|
what joint permits the forearm to rotate during pronation? |
proximal radioulnar joint |
|
the articular portion of the medial aspect of the distal humerus is called the |
trochlea |
|
the similar struture found on th e lateral aspect of the distal humerus is called the |
capitulum |
|
the deep depression located on the posterior aspect of the distal humerus is called the |
trochlear notch |
|
What are the 3 arcs? |
trochlear sulcus/groove ridges of the capitulum and trochlea trochlear notch
|
|
What type of joint is the interphalangeal joint? |
ginglymus |
|
What type of joint is the capometacapal of the first digit |
sellar
|
|
What type of joint is the elbow joint |
ginglymus |
|
What type of joint is the metacapophalngeal of 2nd to 5th digits |
ellipsoidal |
|
What type of joint is the radiocarpal |
ellipsoidal |
|
What type of joint is the intercarpal |
plane |
|
What type of joint is the elbow joint |
ginglymus |
|
What type of joint is the proximal radioulnar joint |
trochoidal |
|
ellipsoidal joints are classified as ______, or _______, and allow movement in ____ directions. |
freely moveable diarthrodial 4 directions |
|
True/False: palmar radiocarpal triangular fibrocartialge complex (TFCC) scapulolunate lunotriquetral |
True |
|
which ligament of the wrist extends from the styolid process of the radius to the lateral aspect of the scaphoid and trapezium bones? |
radial collateral ligament |
|
what is the name of the two special turning/bending positions of the hand and wrist that demonstrates medial and lateral spects of the carpal region? |
ulnar deviation radial deviation |
|
of the two deviations, which one is most commonly performed to detect a fracture of the scaphoid bone? |
ulnar deviation |
|
how does the forearm appear radiographically if pronated for a PA projection? |
cross over .. proximal radius over ulna |
|
the two important fat stripes or band around the wrist joint are the .... |
pronator fat stripe scaphoid fat stripe |
|
the fat pads around the elbow joint are valuable diagnostic indicators if the following three technical/positioning requirements are met with a lateral position |
eblow flexed to 90 optimal exposure factors in true lateral position |
|
True/False: if the posterior fat pad of the elbow is not visible radiographically, it suggests that a nonobvious radial head or neck fracture is present. |
False not visible = negative exam |
|
True/False excessive kV (analog imaging) may obscure the visiblity of a fat pad |
true |
|
True/False trauma or infection makes the anterior fat pad more difficult to see on a lateral elbow radiograph |
false |
|
which rounite projections best demonstrate the scaphoid fat pad? |
PA and oblique wrist |
|
which routine projection best deomonstrates the pronator fat stripe? |
lateral wrist |
|
What is the common kV range |
low to medium .. 50 to 70 analog 60 to 80 digital |
|
do we use a long or short exposure time? |
short |
|
do we use the large or small focal spot? |
small |
|
what is the common minimal source to image receptor distance? |
40 inches .. 102 cm |
|
grids are used if the body part measures greater than .... |
10 cm |
|
type of intensification screens most commonly used for analog imaging: |
detail screens |
|
small to medium dry plaster casts: increase kV by |
5 to 7 |
|
large plaster casts: increase kV by |
8 to 10 |
|
fiberglass casts: increase kV by |
3 to 4 |
|
In correctly exposed radiographs we should be able to visualize ... |
soft tissue margins and trabecular markings of all bones |
|
_______ is the radiographic procedure that uses contrast media injected into the joint capsule to visualize soft tissue pathology of the wrist, elbow, and shoulder joints |
arthrography |
|
what is the routine positioning routine for the second through fifth digits of the hand? |
PA, oblique, lateral |
|
how much of the metacarpals hsould be included for PA projection of the digits? |
distal aspect |
|
list the two radiographic criteria used to determine whether rotation is present on the PA orojection of the digits |
equal amount of tissue symmetric appearance on both sides of shafts and distal metacarpals |
|
where is the CR centered for PA oblique projections of the second digit? |
proximal interphalangeal joint |
|
WHy is the AP projection of the thumb recommended insteal of the PA? |
decrease OID |
|
which IR size should be used for a thumb projection |
8x10 |
|
a sesamoid bone is frequently found adjacent to _____ joint of the thumb |
metacarpophalngeal joint |
|
True/false: the entire metacarpal and trapezium must be demonstrated on al projections of the thumb |
true |
|
where is the central ray centered for AP projections of the thumb |
first metacarpophalangeal joint |
|
a bennetts fracture involves |
base of first metacarpal |
|
which special positioning method can be performed to demonstrate bennett's fracture? |
modified roberts method |
|
what degree of the CR angulation is required for the modified roberts method? |
15 degrees proximal |
|
where is the CR cenetered for a PA projection of the hand? |
Third metacaprophalangeal joint |
|
a minimum of ____ of the forearm should be included radiographically for a PA projection of the hand |
1 inch |
|
True/False slight superimposition of the distal third, fourth, and fifth metacarpals may occur with a well-positioned PA oblique projection of the hand |
True |
|
which preferred lateral position of the hand best deomonstrates the phalanges without excessive superimpostion |
fan lateral |
|
which lateral projection of the hand best demonstrates a possible foreign body in the palm of the hand? |
lateral in extension |
|
what is the proper name of the position referred to as the "ball-catcher's position" |
norgaard method |
|
The "ball-catcher's position" is commonly used to evaluate for early signs of ...
osteoporosis osteomyelitis osteopetrosis rheumatoid arthritis |
rheumatoid arthritis |
|
which alternative projection to the routnie PA wrist best deomstrates the intercarpal joint spaces and wrist joint? |
ap projection |
|
which positioning error is involved if a majority of the carpal bones are superimposed in a PA oblique wrist projection? |
excessive lateral rotation |
|
which of the following fractures is not demonstrated in a wrist routine
barton's pott's smith's colles' |
pott's |
|
during the PA axial scaphoid projection with central ray angle and ulnar flexion, the central ray must be angled .. |
10-15 degreeds proximally |
|
how much are the hand and wrist electated from the IR for the modified stecher method? |
20 degreeds
|
|
hich speical projection of the wrist best demonstrates the interspaces on the ulnar side of the wrist betwen the lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, and hamate bones? |
PA ... radial deviation |
|
which special projection of the wrist helps rule out abnormal calcifications in the carpal sulcus? |
tangential inferosuperior or gaynor-hart projection
|
|
how much central ray angulation from the long axis of the forearm is required for the carpal bridge (tangential) projection? |
45 |
|
the hand and wrist form a _____ degree angle to the forearm with the carpal bridge (tangential) projection |
90 |
|
fracture and dislocation of the posterior lip of the distal radius |
barton's fracture |
|
most common type of primary malignant tumor occurring in the bone |
multiple myeloma |
|
reduction in the quantity of bone or atrophy of skeletal tissue |
osteoporosis |
|
sprain or tear of the ulnar collateral ligament |
skier's thumb |
|
an abnormality of the acrtilage affecting long bones |
achondroplosia |
|
transverse fracture extending through the distal aspect of the metacarpal neck, most often the fifth metacarpal |
boxer's fracture |
|
hereditary condition marked by abnormally dense bone |
osteopetrosis |
|
transverse fracture of the distal radius with posterior displacement of the distal fragment |
colles' fracture |
|
narrowing of hte joint spaces with periosteal growths on the joint margins |
osteoarthritis |
|
fluid-filled joint spaces with possible calcification |
bursitis |
|
possible calcification in the acrpal sulcus |
carpal tunnel syndrome |
|
soft tissue swelling and loss of fat-pad detail visiblity |
osteomyelitis |
|
mixed areas of sclerotic and cortical thickening along with radiolucent lesions |
osteopetrosis |
|
which routine projections are required for a study of the forearm? |
ap and lateral |
|
True/False: for a forearm study, the technologist needs to include only the joint closest to the site of injury |
false |
|
to properly position the patient for a AP projection of the elbow, the epicondyles must be ____ to the IR |
parallel |
|
if a patient cannot fully extend the elbow for a AP projection, what alternative projections should be performed? |
2 AP. one humerus parallel to IR one forearm parallel to IR
|
|
what view best demonstrates the interspaces on the ulnar side? |
radial deviation.
hamate, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform |
|
what view best demonstrates the scaphoid? |
ulnar deviation |
|
what view can you see the pisiform entirely? |
carpal canal |
|
what is the styloid process and where is it located? |
distal ends of both the radius and ulna |
|
what is the ulnar notch and where it is located? |
depression on the medial aspect of the distal radius. head of ulna fits into it
|
|
what is formed from the ulnar notch? |
distal radioulnar joint |
|
where is the head of the ulna located |
near the wrist at the DISTAL end |
|
where is the head of the radius located? |
proximal end of the radius near the elbow joint |
|
where is the olecranon process? |
top part of C can be palpated on posterior elbow |
|
where is the coronoid process? |
bottom part of C |
|
what is the coronoid tubercle? where is it? |
medial margins of the coronoid process opposite the radial notch |
|
what is the trochlear notch? |
the C part of ulna that moves around humerus |
|
what is the radial notch? |
small, shallow depression located on the lateral aspect of the proximal ULNA.
head of radius articulates with the ulna here. |
|
what is formed from the radial notch? |
proximal radioulnar joint. |
|
the two radioulnar joints allow what to happen? |
allows rotation of the forearm during pronation radius crosses over the ulna near the upper third of the forearm |
|
True/False the radius fits into the radial notch which is located on the radius |
False.
Location: Ulna Radius fits into radial notch |
|
the interphalangeal joints are what type of joints? |
ginglymus hinge |
|
the metacarpophalangeal joints are what type of joints |
ellipsoidal .. condyloid |
|
the carpometacarpal joints .. first digit .. is what type of joint? |
sellar .. saddle |
|
the carpometacarpal joint .. second to fifth digit .. is what type of joint? |
plane .. gliding |
|
the intercarpal joints are what type of joints? |
plane .. gliding |
|
the wrist .. radiocarpal.. joint is what type of joint |
ellipsoidal .. condyloid |
|
the proximal radiulnar joint is what type of joint |
trochoidal .. pivit |
|
the elbow .. humeroulnar and humeroradial .. joint is what typoe of joint |
ginglymus .. hinge |
|
the elbow joint .. proximal radioulnar .. joint is what type of joint |
tochoidal .. pivot |
|
what is a bartons fracture? |
fracture and dislocation of the posterior lip of the distal radius .. involving wrist joints |
|
what is a bennetts fracture? |
fracture of the base of the first metacarpal bones. extends into capometacarpal joint posterior displacement |
|
what is a boxer's fracture |
transverse fracture that extends through metacarpal neck most common in 5th metacarpal |
|
what is colles' fracture? |
transverse fracture of distal radius displacement posterioly |
|
what is smith's fracture |
transverse fracture of distal radius displaced anteriorly |
|
the trochlea articulates with what |
ulna |
|
capitulum articules with what |
radius head |
|
processes fit into .. |
fossas |
|
what fossa(s) are anterior? |
coronoid radial |
|
what fossa(s) are posterior? |
olecranon |
|
the laterals superimpose ... |
epicondyles |
|
what are the routine positions for a forearm? |
AP and lateral |
|
what are the routine positions for a elbow? |
AP, both obliques, Lateral |
|
what are the routine positions for a humerus? |
AP and lateral |
|
what are the special positions for the elbow and humerus? |
coyle trauma acute flexion radial head lateral
|
|
True/False: both the forearm and the humerus must be in the same plane when doing the lateral and AP positions of the forearm and elbow |
true |
|
True/False: the humerus and forearm are classified as long bones |
true |
|
True/False: you dont need to get both joints on the film for NEW injuries? |
false. you DO need to get both joints |
|
True/False: For old injuries you may online need to get the joint closest to the fracture |
true |
|
Forearms should always be done in what position? |
AP
|
|
When can you do forearms PA? |
if the patient has a cast of just had one removed |
|
Elbow: lateral .. external obliques .. best demonstrate what? |
the radial head, neck, capitulum |
|
Elbow: |
coronoid process and trochlea in profile |
|
Why do we use the coyle trauma position? |
shows us the radial head and coronoid process |
|
how must the patient be positioned for a coyle trauma? Radial head |
Radial head: elbow flexed 90 degrees hand pronated CR angled 45 degrees towards shoulder entering at radial head |
|
what degree do we angle the tube for a coyle trauma radial head |
45 degrees towards shoulder |
|
how do we position a patient for a coyle trauma position .. coronoid process? |
elbow flexed 80 degrees hand is pronated cr is angled 45 degrees away from the shoulder entering mid-elbow joint |
|
what is tendonitis? |
inflammation of tendon. common from overuse, infection, and rheumatic disease
|
|
what is a cyst? |
abnormal closed sac containing fluid |
|
what is chondroma |
tumor, growth of cartilage cells |
|
what is osteoarthritis |
noninflammatory degenerative joint disease |
|
what is bursitis? |
inflammation of bursa .. fluid sac where friction would occur ..
fluid filled sac that encloses joints |
|
what is modified roberts method?
why do we use it? |
thumb angle tube 15 degrees towards wrist why? better look at carpometacarpal joints trapezium is also better visualized |
|
how many degrees do we angle the tube and in what direction of PA axial scaphoid unlar deviation? |
10 to 15 degrees proximally |
|
True/False: In an oblique wrist the radius and ulna should be superimposed |
false. slightly superimposed |
|
True/False: in an oblique wrist the heads of 3, 4, and 5 of the metacaprals should be superimposed |
false. bases |
|
In a lateral wrist the radius is ___. |
fowards |
|
true/false: the metacaraps are slightly superimposed in a lateral wrist |
false. superimposed. |
|
What is a PA scaphoid modified stretcher method? |
20 degrees angle tube or elevate hand
|
|
What position shows the carpal canal? |
tangential gaynor-hart method |