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50 Cards in this Set
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- Back
pith
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the soft, spongy central cylinder of parenchymatous tissue in the stems of dicotyledonous plants
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phloem
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the part of a vascular bundle consisting of sieve tubes, companion cells, parenchyma, and fibers and forming the food-conducting tissue of a plant.
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dicots
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A flowering plant with two embryonic seed leaves or cotyledons that usually appear at germination
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monocots
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Any of a class of angiosperm plants having a single cotyledon in the seed. Monocotyledons have leaves with parallel veins, flower parts in multiples of three, and fibrous root systems. Their primary vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem, not arranged in a ring as in eudicotyledons. Grasses, palms, lilies, irises, and orchids are monocotyledons. See more at leaf. Compare eudicotyledon.
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meristem
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embryonic tissue in plants; undifferentiated, growing, actively dividing cells
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pericycle
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the outermost cell layer of the stele in a plant, frequently becoming a multilayered zone.
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cortex
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the portion of a stem between the epidermis and the vascular tissue; bark
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tracheids
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A cell in the xylem of vascular plants
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mesophyll
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the parenchyma, usually containing chlorophyll, that forms the interior parts of a leaf
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periderm
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the cork-producing tissue of stems together with the cork layers and other tissues derived from it.
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turgid
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swollen; distended; tumid.
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osmosis
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the tendency of a fluid, usually water, to pass through a semipermeable membrane into a solution where the solvent concentration is higher, thus equalizing the concentrations of materials on either side of the membrane.
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tonoplast
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a membrane separating a vacuole from the surrounding cytoplasm in a plant cell.
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tension
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the force producing such deformation
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mycorrhizae
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a symbiotic association of the mycelium of a fungus, esp. a basidiomycete, with the roots of certain plants, in which the hyphae form a closely woven mass around the rootlets or penetrate the cells of the root.
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guttation
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a process in which water in liquid form is given off by plants.
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cohesion
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the congenital union of one part with another
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chemiosmosis
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A theoretical mechanism (proposed by Mitchell) to explain energy transduction in the mitochondrion. As a general mechanism it is the coupling of one enzyme catalysed reaction to another using the transmembrane flow of an intermediate species. For example Cytochrome oxidase pumps protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane and ATP synthesis is driven by re entry of protons through the ATP synthesising protein complex. The alternative model is production of a chemical intermediate species, but no compound capable of coupling these reactions has ever been identified.
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plasmolyze
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To subject to plasmolysis.
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transpiration
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the passage of water through a plant from the roots through the vascular system to the atmosphere
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humus
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the dark organic material in soils, produced by the decomposition of vegetable or animal matter and essential to the fertility of the earth.
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loams
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A mixture of moist clay and sand, and often straw, used especially in making bricks and foundry molds
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macronutrients
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An element, such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen, required in large proportion for the normal growth and development of a plant.
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micronutrients
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A substance, such as a vitamin or mineral, that is essential in minute amounts for the proper growth and metabolism of a living organism
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topsoil
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the fertile, upper part of the soil.
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nitrogenase
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an enzyme complex that catalyzes the reduction of molecular nitrogen in the nitrogen-fixation process of bacteria.
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nodules
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A small knoblike outgrowth, as those found on the roots of many leguminous plants
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bacteroids
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Any of various structurally modified bacteria, such as those occurring on the root nodules of leguminous plants.
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mycorrhizae
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a symbiotic association of the mycelium of a fungus, esp. a basidiomycete, with the roots of certain plants, in which the hyphae form a closely woven mass around the rootlets or penetrate the cells of the root.
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horizons
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the line or circle that forms the apparent boundary between earth and sky
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sporophyte
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the form of a plant in the alternation of generations that produces asexual spores
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gametophyte
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the sexual form of a plant in the alternation of generations.
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monoecious
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having both male and female organs in the same individual; hermaphroditic
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dioecious
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having the male and female organs in separate and distinct individuals; having separate sexes.
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microspore
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the smaller of the two kinds of spores characteristically produced by seed plants and some fern allies, developing into a male gametophyte
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megaspore
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the larger of the two kinds of spores characteristically produced by seed plants and a few fern allies, developing into a female gametophyte
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scutellum
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the shieldlike cotyledon of certain monocots
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coleorhiza
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the sheath that envelops the radicle in certain plants and that is penetrated by the root in germination
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stock
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supply of goods kept on hand for sale to customers by a merchant, distributor, manufacturer, etc.; inventory
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scion
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Also, cion. a shoot or twig, esp. one cut for grafting or planting; a cutting
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auxin
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a class of substances that in minute amounts regulate or modify the growth of plants, esp. root formation, bud growth, and fruit and leaf drop
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ethylene
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containing the ethylene group
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tropisms
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an orientation of an organism to an external stimulus, as light, esp. by growth rather than by movement
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statoliths
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Crystalline particles of calcium carbonate and a protein adhering to the gelatinous membrane of the maculae of the utricle and saccule.
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phytoalexins
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any of a class of plant compounds that accumulate at the site of invading microorganisms and confer resistance to disease.
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gravitropism
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oriented growth with respect to the force of gravity.
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phytochrome
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a plant pigment that is associated with the absorption of light in the photoperiodic response and that may regulate various types of growth and development
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senescene
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A series of changes in the body which are related to increasing mortality with increasing age. Modern views hold that it is essentially a continuing and increasing failure of adaptability to environmental variations. When the range of environments to which the body can adapt is less than the minimum range normally experienced, death results. In the past, many causes of this decreased adaptability have been suggested, but modern theory suggests that it is due ultimately to errors in the replication of DNA in cell division and/or errors in the production of proteins and enzymes by cells. These errors accumulate as a result of mutation in the hereditary material as the individual becomes older.
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gibberellin
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any of a class of growth hormones occurring in fungi and plants.
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cytokinins
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Any of a class of plant hormones that promote cell division and growth and delay the senescence of leaves
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