Unit 4 - The Roman Empire

Front 1

Pax Romana

Back 1

"Roman Peace" - A period of peace in the Mediterranean world lasting from 31 BC to AD 180

Front 2

Princeps

Back 2

"first citizen" - a title given to Augustus that was popular among the common people because it conveyed the idea that he was one of them and not a noble

Front 3

Why did Augustus's moral reforms fail?

Back 3

Augustus's reforms failed because they lacked God. Morality without the love of God is not true morality.

Front 4

How did self-centered emperors gain favor of the people?

Back 4

The self-centered emperors gained favor of the people by providing "free" grain and amusements for the people of Rome.

Front 5

What did Octavian institute within the empire in order to provide for fairer taxing of provinces? How often did this order take place?

Back 5

Octavian ordered a census-taking throughout the empire every fourteen years to provide for fairer taxing of provinces.

Front 6

What other names/titles was Octavian known by?

Back 6

Caesar, Augustus, and princeps were three names/titles that Octavian was known as.

Hint 6

There are three

Front 7

What culture greatly influenced every aspect of Roman life?

Back 7

The Greek culture greatly influenced every aspect of Roman life.

Front 8

Cicero

Back 8

Cicero was a leading political figure of the late republic who was an outstanding scholar, author, lawyer, and statesman. He influenced later Roman writers and students of Latin literature.

Front 9

What three things dominated Latin literature?

Back 9

Optimism, patriotism, and appreciation for traditional Roman values dominated Latin literature.

Front 10

Virgil

Back 10

"Homer of Rome" - considered the greatest Roman poet. He glorified Rome in his epic poem the Aeneid, one of the most widely read Latin literary works.

Front 11

Horace

Back 11

Horace became the "Poet of the Augustan Age." He, like Virgil, spoke of the triumph of Rome. Known for the quote, "As riches grow, care follows, and a thirst for more and more." Horace praised the simple virtues of morality, justice, courage, and moderation.

Front 12

Ovid

Back 12

The poetry of Ovid is quite different from that of Virgil and Horace. Ovid wrote about mythology and love. His best known work, Metamorphoses, is a collection of over two hundred myths of the ancient world. Augustus banned Ovid's works from Rome's three public libraries and even exiled him from the city because his works were out of step of Augustus's moral reforms.

Front 13

Livy

Back 13

Livy wrote a lengthy history of Rome. In some 142 volumes, he provides an interesting narrative of the men and events of Roman history from the founding city through the end of the republic. He saw traditional virtues and patriotism of the Roman people as the foundation of Rome's greatness.

Front 14

Juvenal

Back 14

The poet Juvenal wrote bitter satires on the loose morals and social problems of the empire.

Front 15

Tacitus

Back 15

Tacitus favored the old republic over life under the self-centered emperors. His work Annals is a valuable but pessimistic history of Rome from the death of Augustus to the reign of Nero. In Germania, Tacitus gives us a rare glimpse of the lifestyle of the Germanic peoples, who later conquered the Western Roman Empire. He contrasts the simple virtues and customs of the "barbarians" with the corrupt morals of Rome's upper class.

Front 16

What language is the "parent" of the Romance languages?

Back 16

Latin is the "parent" of the Romance languages- Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Rumanian.

Front 17

Plutarch

Back 17

Plutarch was probably the most famous Greek writer in the Roman Empire. He wrote biographies that compared the lives of important Greek and Roman men. His Parallel Lives of Illustrious Greeks and Romans is not only an excellent literary work but also the source of valuable historical information.

Front 18

Pompeii

Back 18

Pompeii was the city covered by the volcanic ash of Mount Vesuvius and not rediscovered until the mid-eighteenth century.

Front 19

Galen

Back 19

Galen was a Greek physician who made advances in medicine by experimenting with animals. He used the animals to study their lungs, heart, arteries, and blood. His encyclopedia, a collection of the medical ideas of the ancient world, became the accepted medical authority of the Middle Ages.

Front 20

Ptolemy

Back 20

Ptolemy promoted the theory that the earth was the center of the universe. He taught that the sun, moon, and planets revolved around the earth. Though false, his geocentric (earth-centered) theory of the universe went unchallenged for almost fourteen centuries.

Front 21

Aqueducts

Back 21

The Romans built aqueducts to supply water to many of their cities. Some aqueducts carried over fifty million gallons daily.

Front 22

How are Roman buildings distinguished?

Back 22

Roman buildings are distinguished by their large size, durability, and practicality.

Front 23

The Colosseum

Back 23

Since the amphitheater had been built on the site of Nero's home, the emperor Hadrian erected a large statue called a colossus of Nero outside the building. It is for this reason that the amphitheater came to be called the Colosseum. It could be flooded for naval battles, or it would be used for the fighting of gladiators or a prisoner or Christian against a wild animal such as a lion.

Front 24

Epicurus

Back 24

Epicurus taught that true happiness comes only as man frees his mind from fear and his body from pain. He rejected the ideas of an afterlife and divine judgment.

Front 25

Lucretius

Back 25

The poet Lucretius was probably the greatest expounder of Epicureanism in the Roman world. In his philosophical poem On the Nature of Things, Lucretius preserved the teachings of Epicurus. He hoped to reform the declining moral standards of the republic.

Front 26

Seneca

Back 26

Seneca was one of the leading Stoics of the Roman Empire. He tutored the emperor Nero. He saw Stoicism as the solution to Rome's moral decline.

Front 27

Stoicism

Back 27

Stoicism taught that virtue, the highest good, is based on knowledge, and that the wise live in harmony with the divine Reason (also identified with Fate and Providence) that governs nature, and are indifferent to the vicissitudes of fortune and to pleasure and pain.

Front 28

Marcus Aurelius

Back 28

Aurelius was a scholar, philosopher, administrator, and last of the so-called Good Emperors of Rome. Devoted to Stoicism, he was known as the "philosopher king." He expressed the Stoic ideals in his book Meditations, a collection of personal reflections.

Front 29

Pontifex Maximus

Back 29

"greatest priest" - The emperor held this title. People worshiped the emperor to express their loyalty and patriotism to the state. Although Christians were loyal to the state, the government persecuted them because they did not worship the emperor.

Front 30

Greek and Roman Deities

Back 30

Memorize chart

Front 31

Synagogues

Back 31

Synagogues were worship centers built by the Jews that were scattered abroad.

Front 32

Septuagint

Back 32

Septuagint is the translation of the Old Testament by a group of scholars from Hebrew to Greek because Jews could no longer understand the Hebrew language.

Front 33

Jesus the Christ

Back 33

"the Annointed One" - God sent Jesus as a sacrifice to redeem fallen men from his sinful condition and to provide eternal life to those who, by faith, trust in Him.

Front 34

Pontius Pilate

Back 34

The Roman governor who charged Jesus that He was working to overthrow Roman rule. Although Pilate found no flaw in Jesus, he gave into Jewish demands and sentenced Jesus to death by crucifixion.

Front 35

What is the gospel?

Back 35

The gospel is the good news of the Kingdom of God

Front 36

Stephen

Back 36

The first Christian martyr

Front 37

Paul

Back 37

Originally names Saul, was born in a Jewish home in Tarsus. He became a Pharisee (one of the strictest of the Jewish religious sects). He was a Christian persecutor, but one day became a Christian himself. He also wrote part of the New Testament (wrote more books in the Bible than anyone else). He introduced the gospel to a large portion of the Roman world.

Front 38

Nero

Back 38

The first emperor to persecute Christians. He accused the Christians of setting fire to Rome, although he himself was probably responsible.

Front 39

Diocletian

Back 39

The last and most widespread Roman persecution occured during the reign of emperor Diocletian. He dismissed Christian soldiers from the army and ordered the destruction of Christian churches and the burning of copies of Scriptures.

Front 40

Edict of Milan

Back 40

With the Edict of Milan, the Roman emperor Constantine made Christianity legal. Constantine restored church property that had been confiscated under the Diocletian persecution, made Sunday a legal holiday, contributed funds for her church buildings, and encouraged others to embrace Christianity.

Front 41

Arius

Back 41

Arius was a heresy who disrupted the unity of the church by challenging the deity of Christ.

Front 42

Council of Nicaea

Back 42

A council of church leaders formed by Constantine to settle the doctrinal conteoversey. In 325, the Council of Nicaea affirmed Christ's deity and the doctrine of the Trinity; it also branded Arianism a heresy.

Front 43

Theodosius I

Back 43

Christianity became the official religion of Rome by edict of the emperor Theodosius I.

Front 44

Patriarch

Back 44

The bishops of the most important cities of the empire were known as patriarchs.

Front 45

Monasticism

Back 45

A practice which exercised a strong influence from the church from the fourth century to the end of the Middle Ages was known as Monasticism. Monasteries were developed to organize the growing numbers of men and women who believed that the greatest form of piety was to withdraw from the world, practice strict discipline, and carry out religious exercises such as prayer and denial of physical comforts.

Front 46

The Fall of the Roman Empire

Back 46

1. Political disorder
2. Economic troubles
3. Moral decay

Hint 46

Three main causes for the decline of the Roman Empire

Front 47

What were Diocletian's positive reforms that delayed the fall of the empire?

Back 47

1. He created the position of co-emperor known as an augustus to appoint an assistant called a caesar to help rule the empire. Diocletian divided the empire into four large administrative divisions, called prefectures, which were to be ruled by the two co-emperors and the two caesars.
2. He also set maximum prices on goods and services. Anyone selling an item above the price limit would be put to death. He also reformed the tax system, but the people still suffered under an excessive tax burden.

Front 48

In what city did Constantine choose to build his "New Rome." (Check the hint)

Back 48

Byzantium

Hint 48

The city eventually became known as Constantinople.

Front 49

Which emperor divided the Roman Empire into two empires when he divided the empire between his two sons?

Back 49

Theodosius I

Front 50

What allowed for barbarian invasions?

Back 50

Roman civil war - leaving the borders completely vulnerable

Front 51

Huns

Back 51

Fierce nomadic tribe, which had menaced the Chinese empire for centuries.

Front 52

Visigoths

Back 52

A Germanic tribe who crossed the Danube River and settled in the eastern part of the Roman Empire. At the Battle of Adrianople in 378, the Visigoths soundly defeated the Roman army and killed the emperor.

Front 53

Augustine

Back 53

Augustine was an outstanding figure of the early church. He said that all human history is the story of two cities representing two opposing ways of life. One is the city if man, the home of sinful, unsaved men. The other is the city of God, namely His church. With this in mind, Augustine said that we should not look at individual historical events as demonstrating the favor or disfavor of some god. Instead we should see in ever event the hand of the true God directing the course of history for His purpose and glory.

Front 54

Alaric

Back 54

In 410, under the leadership of Alaric, the Visigoths moved southwestward into the Italian peninsula and plundered the city of Rome. They eventually settled in what is now Spain.

Front 55

Attila

Back 55

The leader of the Huns who was called the "scourge of God" because he was considered to be the instrument of God's wrath on a sinful people.

Front 56

Vandals

Back 56

A Germanic tribe that established a kingdom in North Africa that raided and pillaged Rome again. To later generations, their name came to mean "a destroyer of property."

Front 57

Tiberius

Back 57

-Good aministstor who got the job done
-Built himself a large palace
-Great rejoicing occurred at his death

Front 58

Caligula

Back 58

-Killed by his own guards
-Unstable
-very, very, evil

Front 59

Claudius

Back 59

Claudius was well educated, had physical and speech handicap, gambler and gluttonous, Senate hated him, conquered Britian, Morocco, and Thrace, and his own wife poisoned him so that her son (Nero) could take the throne.

Front 60

Nero

Back 60

Murdered: Brother, mother, first and second wives, caused Seneca to commit suicide.
first emperor to persecute Christians

Front 61

Vespasian & Titus

Back 61

Beginning of civil wars between generals to assume role of emperor, laid siege to Jerusalem, destroyed the temple, the Colosseum was built under their reign

Front 62

Basilica

Back 62

A basilica was the name of a Roman public building

Front 63

Roman art encompasses... (not including Greek)

Back 63

Etruscan, Native Italic, and some Egyptian visual culture

Front 64

Utilitarian Art

Back 64

Art that can be used, not just to be looked at

Front 65

Mosaic Art

Back 65

pieces of stone or pottery placed together

Front 66

Sculpture Art

Back 66

partially influenced by the Greeks

Front 67

Portrait

Back 67

A type of sculpture art (like a bust) usually of someone of importance such as an emperor or king

Front 68

Coinage

Back 68

common currency needed for trading goods

Front 69

Cameo

Back 69

layers of stone that might show a person like a god or goddess

Front 70

Glassware Art

Back 70

a type of Roman art

Front 71

The Panthenon

Back 71

a temple to worship all gods (two main parts: the portico and oculus)

Front 72

Why was the Colosseum built?

Back 72

for entertainment of the Roman people and emperor

Front 73

What percentage of the Roman population was slaves?

Back 73

up to 40%