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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Antibiotic
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a substance that can inhibit the growth of or kill some microorganisms
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Archaebacterium
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prokaryotic organisms that are distinguished from other prokaryotes by differences in their genetics and in the makeup of their cell wall; currently, biologists prefer to call these organisms archaea and to classify them into the domain Archaea (singular, archaebacterium)
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Bacillus
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a rod-shaped bacterium
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Chemoautotroph
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an organism that synthesizes organic compounds by using inorganic compounds instead of light
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Coccus
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a sphere-shaped bacterium
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Eubacterium
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in a traditional taxonomic system, a kingdom made up of all prokaryotes except members of the kingdom Archaebacteria; currently, biologists prefer to classify members of this kingdom into the domain Bacteria
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Gram Positive
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a bacterium that retains the Gram stain and usually lacks an outer covering on its cell wall
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Gram Negative
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a bacterium that loses the Gram stain and usually has an outer covering on its cell wall
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Gram Stain
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a series of dyes used to classify bacteria; depending on the chemistry of the bacterial cell wall, bacteria will either retain or lose the stain
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Peptidoglycan
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a protein-carbohydrate compound that makes the cell walls of bacteria rigid
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Spirillum
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a spiral-shaped bacterium
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Staphylococcus
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a usually pathogenic bacterium that occurs in grapelike clusters of cocci
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Capsule
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in mosses, the part that contains spores; in bacteria, a protective layer of polysaccharides around the cell wall
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Conjugation
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in prokaryotes, algae, and fungi, a type of sexual reproduction in which two cells join temporarily to recombine nuclear material
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Endospore
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a thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions
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Facultative Anaerobe
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an organism that can live with or without oxygen
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Obligate Aerobe
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an organism that needs oxygen in order to live
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Obligate Anaerobe
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an organism that needs the absence of oxygen in order to live
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Photoautotroph
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an organism that uses sunlight as its source of energy for photosynthesis
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Pili
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a short, thick appendage that allows a bacterium to attach to another bacterium
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Saprophyte
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an organism that feeds on dead organic material
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Endotoxin
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a bacterial toxin that forms within the bacterial cell and that is released when the bacterial cell breaks apart
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Exotoxin
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a potent, extracellular toxin secreted by some bacteria
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Toxin
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a substance that is produced by one organism and that is poisonous to other organisms
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Capsid
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a protein sheath that surrounds the nucleic acid core in a virus
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Envelope
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a membrane-like layer that covers the capsids of some viruses
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Glycoprotein
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a protein to which carbohydrate molecules are attached
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HIV
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human immunodeficiency virus, the virus that causes AIDS
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Icosahedron
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a polyhedron that has 20 triangular faces
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Prion
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an infectious particle that consists only of a protein and that does not contain DNA or RNA
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Retrovirus
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a virus that contains single-stranded RNA and produces a reverse transcriptase, which converts RNA to DNA
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Reverse Transcriptase
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an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template
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Virus
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a nonliving, infectious particle composed of a nucleic acid and a protein coat; it can invade and destroy a cell
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Bacteriophage
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a virus that infects bacteria
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Lysogenic Cycle
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describes viral replication in which a viral genome is replicated as a provirus without destroying the host cell
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Lytic Cycle
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describes viral replication that results in the destruction of a host cell and the release of many new virus particles
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Prophage
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the viral genome (DNA) of a bacteriophage that has entered a bacterial cell, has become attached to the bacterial chromosome, and is replicated with the host bacterium's DNA
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Provirus
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viral DNA that has attached to a host cell's chromosome and that is replicated with the chromosome's DNA
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Receptor Site
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the part of a cell that combines with outside molecules and that functions as an antibody
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Virulent
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describes a microorganism or virus that causes disease and that is highly infectious
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Aero
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air
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Anti
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against, opposite
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Archeo
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ancient, old, original
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Autos
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self
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Bacterion
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stick; club
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Lysis
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decompose; split; dissolve
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Staphylo
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cluster
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Streptos
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twisted
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Virus
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agent that causes infectious disease
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