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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
system
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the substances materials or objects under evaluation in a thermodynamic process
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surroundings
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everthing outside the system in a thermodynamic process
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universe
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the system and the surroundings
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state function
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a function whose changed value depends only upon its initial and final states-it is independent of the path taken in going from the initial state to the final state
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Entropy
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a thermodynamic state function that is the measure of disorder of a system
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what are two fundamental laws of nature that are important in thermodynamics?
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1. systems tend to attain a state of minimum energy
2. systems tend toward a state of maximum disorder |
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zeroth law of thermodynamics
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if two bodies are each in thermal equilibrium with a third body,then they are in equilibrium with each other
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first law of thermodynamics
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the internal energy of a system increases when energy is transferred from the surroundings to the system or when the surroundings perform work on the system
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second law of thermodynamics
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the total entropy of the Universe always increases for a spontaneously occurring process
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third law of thermodynamics
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the entropy of a perfectly pure crystalline structure at absolute zero is zero
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spontaneous chemical reaction
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a reaction that proceeds from left to right (reactants to products) to achieve equilibrium
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Non-spontaneous chemical reaction
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a reaction that proceeds from right to left (products to reactants) to achieve equilibrium
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Gibbs free energy
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a thermodynamic state
function that can be used to determine whether or not a given reaction is spontaneous at a particular set of conditions |
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The standard molar Gibbs Free Energy of Formation
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The change in free energy accompanying the
formation of one mole of a compound from its elements in their standard states at standard conditions |
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Oxidation-Reduction Reaction
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A reaction in which changes in oxidation number occur
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oxidation number
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The apparent charge on an atom in a molecule or ion at the “ionic limit.”
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Ionic Limit
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A limiting case where all the bonds are assumed to be ionic, even though we know they aren’t.
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oxidation
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the increase in oxidation number
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oxidation can be conveniently viewed as the loss of electrons
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reduction
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the decrease in oxidation number.
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reduction can be conveniently viewed as the gain of electrons
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oxidizing agent
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reactant that causes
another substance to become oxidized. |
The oxidizing agent is the reactant that is
being reduced. |
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reducing agent
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the reactant that causes
another substance to become reduced |
The reducing agent is the reactant that is
being oxidized. |
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Combustion reaction
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A reaction between a substance and molecular
oxygen (O2) in which most (if not all) of the products have oxygen as part of their formulas. |
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Electrochemical reaction
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A chemical reaction that produces electricity
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voltaic cell
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an electrochemical cell that uses a chemical reaction to produce electricity
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electrolysis cell
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an electrochemical cell that uses electricity to drive a chemical reaction.
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anode(anode compartment)
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the site where oxidation takes place (electrons are released)
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cathode(cathode compartment)
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the site where reduction takes place (electrons are consumed).
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external electrical circuit
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allows for the electrons generated at the anode to flow to the cathode.
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salt bridge
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needed to maintain the balance of charges in the anode and cathode compartments.
–(Anions flow from cathode compartment to anode compartment; cations flow from anode compartment to cathode compartment). |
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