Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sympathetic |
*Thoraco-lumbar* Lateral horn of T1-L2/3 of the spinal cord |
|
Parasympathetic |
*Cranio-sacral* CN 3, 7, 9, and 10 and S2, S3, S4 (Pelvic splanchnic nerve) |
|
Greater splanchnic Lesser Splanchnic Least Splanchnic |
Greater --> T5-T9
Lesser --> T10-T11 Least --> T12 |
|
Neurotransmitter of Preganglion |
Acetylcholine (Ach) --> bind to Cholinergic receptor |
|
Neurotransmitter of Post-Ganglion |
Parasympathetic --> Ach Sympathetic --> Norepinephrine --> bind to Adrenergic receptor |
|
adrenergic receptors |
Alpha Receptors: -Alpha 1 -Alpha 2 Beta Receptors: * all adenylate cyclase activated, cAMP up -Beta 1 -Beta 2 -Beta 3 |
|
Alpha 1 |
Contraction of skin and splanchnic vessels Erects hair *Post Synaptic* |
|
Alpha 2 |
Inhibits transmitter release Inhibits lipolysis |
|
Beta 1 |
Located in the heart to stimulate rate and force Agonist: Norepinephrine Antagonist: Propranolol |
|
Beta 2 |
Stimulates Glycogenolysis Stimulates Insulin Release Relaxes Vessels in skeletal muscle |
|
Cholinergic Receptors |
Muscarinic -Glands (+) -Heart (-) -Peristalsis (+) Nicotinic -Excitation of Depolarization Na/K channels -At autonomic ganglia and NMJ |
|
Muscarinic Antagonist |
Atropine |
|
Eye Sympathetic |
Pupil -> Alpha -> Dilation Ciliary Muscle -> Beta -> Accommodation Lacrimal Gland -> Decreased secretion |
|
Eye Parasympathetic |
Pupil -> Constriction Ciliary Muscle -> Contraction -> Lens thickens Lacrimal gland -> Increased secretion |
|
Salivary glands Sympathetic |
Submandibular --> Alpha --> Activates Viscous Secretion Parotid --> Vasoconstrictor Sublingual --> Decreased secretion |
|
Salivary Glands Parasympathetic |
Submandibular --> Activates secretion of Watery saliva Parotid --> Activates secretion of watery saliva Sublingual --> Increased secretion |
|
Heart Sympathetic
|
Beta 1 --> (+) Chronotropic, (+) Dromotropic Coronary arteries --> Vasodilation |
|
Heart Parasympathetic |
(-) Chromotropic (-) Dromotropic Coronary Arteries --> Vasoconstriction |
|
Lung Sympathetic |
Bronchi --> Beta --> Dilation Vessels --> Constrict Glands --> Decrease secretion |
|
Lung Parasympathetic |
Bronchi --> Constrict Vessels --> Dilation Glands --> Increases Secretion |
|
GI Tract Sympathetic |
Peristalsis --> Beta --> Relaxation Sphincters --> Alpha --> Constriction Glands --> Decreases Secretion |
|
GI Tract Parasympathetic |
Peristalsis --> Activation Sphincters --> Relaxation Glands --> Increases Secretion |
|
Pancreas Sympathetic |
Insulin --> Alpha/Beta --> Inhibits secretion/Activates Secretion Exocrine --> Alpha --> Inhibits Secretion |
|
Pancreas Parasympathetic |
Exocrine --> Activates Secretion |
|
Urinary Bladder Sympathetic |
Sphincter --> Alpha --> Contraction Detrusor --> Beta --> Relaxation |
|
Urinary Bladder Parasympathetic |
Sphincter --> Relaxation Detrusor --> Contraction |
|
Genitals |
Sympathetic --> Ejaculation Parasympathetic --> Erection |
|
The Baroreceptor reflex |
When Arterial Pressure Increases --> Baroreceptors 9 and 10 afferents activate --> Medulla activates the Vagus (Efferent) to: -Decrease the blood pressure -inhibit the sympathetic system of the heart |
|
Bainbridge Atrial Reflex |
When Venous Pressure Increases --> Vagus activates the Tractus Solitarius Nucleus: -inhibits the Parasympathetic Outflow -Stimulates the Sympathetic System |
|
In the Visual Reflex, the Retina is stimulated by light causing the Pupil to Constrict What Nuclei are involved? |
Pretectal nucleus Edinger-Westphal Nucleus Superior Colliculus Ocular Muscles Nucleus |
|
In the Accommodation Reflex, going from Far to Near, what are the steps? |
Medial Rectal muscles activate to Medially rotate eyes --> Ciliary Muscles Constrict --> Zonular fibers pull --> the Lens thickens |
|
Referred pain: -Diaphragm -Heart -Esophagus -Stomach -Liver and Gallbladder -Small Intestine -Colon -Urinary Bladder -Kidney and Testis |
-Diaphragm --> C4
-Heart --> T3/T4 -Esophagus --> T4/5 -Stomach --> T8 -Liver and Gallbladder --> T8-T11 -Small Intestine --> T10 -Colon --> T11 -Urinary Bladder --> T11-L1 -Kidney and Testis --> T10-L1 |
|
Horner's syndrome |
Damage of the sympathetic nerve supply to the Head and Neck |
|
Symptoms of Horner Syndrome |
Constriction of Pupil (Miosis) Drooping of the eyelid (ptosis) Exophthalmos (Abnormal protrusion of eyeball) anhydrous (Loss of sweating) Vasodilation of skin Arterioles --> Redness |
|
Central Horner's Syndrome |
Damage to the Reticulospinal fibers of the CNS (1st Order Neuron) Caused by Brain stem injuries: -Tumors -Multiple Sclerosis -Vascular Lesions -Syringobulbia |
|
Signs of Central Horner's Syndrome |
Contralateral Hyperesthesia of the body Loss of sweating of 1/2 of the body |
|
Preganglionic Horner's Syndrome |
Damage to: -cervical spinal cord (2nd neuron) --> Tumors or Syringomyelia -Anterior roots (C8, T1) --> Lower brachial plexus palsy (Klampke's palsy) -Cervical sympathetic chain --> Carcinoma of the apex of lung or Pancoast syndrome |
|
Signs of Preganglionic Horner's syndrome |
Loss of sweating except the face and neck flushing of the face and neck |
|
Postganglionic Horner's Syndrome |
Damage to 3rd order neuron caused by Internal Carotid occlusion or tumors in the middle cranial fossa |
|
Signs of Post ganglionic Horner's syndrome |
Facial pain or ENT problems |
|
Argyll Robertson Pupil |
Interruption of the fibers that run from pretectal nucleus to the Edinger-Westphal (Para) nuclei of the Oculomotor N. bilaterally |
|
Signs of Argyll Robertson Pupil |
Small Pupil with an irregular shape It DOES NOT react to light, but DOES react to accommodation |
|
Cause of Argyll Robertson Pupil |
Neurosyphilis lesion or any midbrain lesion -Neoplastic -Vascular -Encephalic -demyelination -Diabetic or Alcoholic neuropathy |
|
Why in Argyll Robertson Pupil it constrict in accommodation, but not to light? |
Pupil constricts to accommodation since Parasympathetic connection to Constrictor papillae M. is intact, but the sympathetic connection is severed.
|
|
Shy-Drager Syndrome |
Damage to the Preganglionic Sympathetic neurons |
|
Signs of Shy-Drager Syndrome |
Orthostatic hypotension Anhydrous Impotence Bladder Atonicity |
|
Raynaud's Syndrome and therapy |
Painful disorder of the Terminal Arteries of the Extremities Therapy: Preganglionic sympathectomy |
|
Signs of Raynaud's syndrome |
Idiopathic Paroxysmal bilateral cyanosis of the digits Basically, Cold and emotion causes contraction of the arterioles and arteries |
|
Familial Dysautonomia (Riley-Day Syndrome) |
An Autosomal Recessive trait that causes loss of neurons in autonomic and sensory ganglia |
|
Signs of Familial Dysautonomia (Riley-Day syndrome) |
Abnormal sweating Blood pressure instability Difficulty in feeding (Inadequate tone of GI) Progressive sensory loss |
|
Hirschsprung disease (Congential Megacolon) |
Absence of myenteric plexus due to neural crest cell migration into colon |
|
Signs of Hirschsprung disease |
Dilation and hypertrophy of the colon Fecal retention |
|
Botulism |
Paralysis of all striated muscles due to Clostridium Botulinum toxin that BLOCKS the release of Ach |
|
Signs of Botulism |
General Paralysis Dry eyes and mouth Bowel obstruction |
|
Peptic Ulcer Disease |
Excessive Production of Hal caused by Increased parasympathetic stimulation |