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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The upper motor neurons form 2 major systems : Corticospinal Tract which is responsible for ___ Extracorticospinal Tract which is responsible for__ |
fine motor skills gross motor movement Ch13 - pg174 |
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Upper motor neurons cross at the ___
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brain stem. This is the basis for loss of movement on the contralateral side from a head injury Ch13 - pg174 |
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Intercostal muscles are innervated by spinal nerves ____ through ____
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T2 through T8 Ch13 - pg174 |
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Sacral nerves ___ to ___ supply the perianal muscles, which control voluntary contraction of the external bladder sphincter and the external anal sphincter
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S3 to S5 Ch13 - pg174 |
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Cervical plexus
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formed by the first 4 cervical nerves which innervate the neck and shoulders. The phrenic nerve arises from C3 C4 C5 which innervates the diaphragm Ch13 - pg176 |
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Brachial plexus
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C5 to C8 and T1, supplies motor control and sensation to arm, wrist, hand. This includes the ulnar and radial nerves. Ch13 - pg176 |
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Lumbar plexus
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L1 to L4, gives rise to the femoral nerve and innervates the anterior portion of the lower body Ch13 - pg176 |
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Sacral plexus
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L5 to S4. The origin of the sciatic nerve. Which innervates the posterior portion of the lower body. Ch13 - pg176 |
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Four Distinct types of forces can be applied to the vertebral column
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The ____ vertebrae are the largest and strongest in the vertebral column
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five lumbar. L1-L5 Extreme forces are required to produce fractures of the thoracic region of the vertebral column: therefore these can frequently be accompanied by SCI Ch13 - pg177+179 |
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Hyperextension of Spine
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backward thrust of head rear end MVC resulting in whiplash C-spine Ch13 - pg179 |
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Hyperflexion
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Forward flexion of the C-spine when striking an immovable object Subluxation, odontoid or transverse process fractures Head on MVC striking windshield Ch13 - pg179 |
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Rotational
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Combination of forward flexion with lateral displacement of C-spine. Dislocation of the vertebral body MVC to front or rear, causing spinning Ch13 - pg179 |
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Axial Loading
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Direct force transmitted along the length of the vertebral column. Deformity of the vertebral column. Diver striking head on bottom of pool T12 - L2 Ch13 - pg179 |
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Primary Spinal cord injury
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initial mechanical damage to the spinal cord: laceration Crushed disc Ch13 - pg180 |
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Secondary spinal cord injury
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progressive cell damage that results from biochemical and cellular reactions due to inflammatory response, hemorrhage, hypoperfusion and hypoxemia. Ch13 - pg 180 |
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Cord Concusison
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Transient dysfunction of the spinal cord lasting 24-48 hours Ch13 - pg180 |
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Cord Contusion
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Bruising of the neural tissue causing edema, ischemia, and possible infarction of tissue from cord compression. Ch13 - ppg180 |
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Cord Transection
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Complete disruption of the neural elements. All cord-mediated functions below the level of the injury are permanently lost Ch13 - pg180 |
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Incomplete Cord Transection
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An interruption in the vascular perfusion to the spinal cord may result in cord ischemia or necrosis. Can be permanent depending on time Ch13 - pg180 |
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Neurogenic Shock : Commonly due to injury at ___ or higher Results in ___ |
Vascular System Response T6 (just below nipple line) Disruption of sympathetic regulation of vagal tone leading to loss of vascular resistance and generalized vasodilation Ch13 - pg181 |
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Neurogenic Shock : Symptoms
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Vascular System Respons Categorized in Distributive Shock. Blood volume is pooled in peripheral vasculature. Bradycardia - Sympathetic innervation is lost. Unopposed parasympathetic vagal response. Hypotension - blood pools in periphery Warm skin, normal skin color core temperature instability Ch13 - pg181 |
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Neurogenic Shock : Treatment
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Vascular System Response Dopamine Not fluid bolus Due to loss of sympathetic response Ch13 - pg181 |
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Spinal Shock : define
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Nervous System Response when normal activity in the spinal cord at and below the level of the injury ceases because of a disruption or inhibition of impulses in the spinal cord. Ch13 - pg181 |
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Spinal Shock : Signs and Symptoms
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Nervous System Response Complete loss of reflex function below the level of the injury. Transient flacididty Transient hypotensive period Bowel and bladder dysfunction Inflammatory response may contribute to ischemia. Ch13 - pg181 |
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Respiratory Arrest can occur due to injury of spinal cord at ___ to ___
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C3 to C5 Can cause loss of phrenic nerve function Ch13 - pg182 |
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Hypoventilation due to loss of intercostal muscles can occur due to injury of the spinal cord at ___ to ___
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T1 to T11 Ch13 - pg182 |
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Hypoventilation due to loss of use of abdominal muscles can occur due to injury of the spinal cord at ___ to ____
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T7 to T12 Ch13 - pg182 |
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Central Cord Syndrome (incomplete spinal cord lesion)
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Loss of motor function upper extremities > lower extremities. Often sacral sparring. Bladder function may be affected. Ch13 - pg182 |
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Anterior Cord Syndrome (incomplete spinal cord lesion)
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Loss of pain and temperature sensation, with weakness, paresthesia, and urinary retention. Damage to Lateral spinothalamic tract(pain and temperature) Ch13 - pg182 |
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Brown-Sequard Syndrome (incomplete spinal cord lesion)
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Contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation, and ipsilateral paralysis with reduced touch sensation. Damage to L side of spinal column. Ch13 - pg182 |
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Sacral Sparing is identified by the following
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Intact perianal sensation Voluntary anal sphincter tone Voluntary great toe flexor function As spinal shock resolves, sacral sparing may become evident. Ch13 - pg183 |
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Complete Spinal Cord Lesion
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Lose all motor and sensory function at and below the level of the lesion Loss of ANS function - hypotension, bradycardia, poikilothermia, voluntary bowel and bladder function |
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The thoracolumbar junction T11-L1 are most often fractured as a result of ___ and ___
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hyperflexion and rotation Ch13 - pg183 |
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C1 Atlas Fracture, Burst Fracture, or Jefferson Fracture: MOI |
Axial loading forces transmitted from occiput to spine Ch13 - pg184 |
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The presence of peri anal sensation and anal sphincter tone when seen in conjunction with focal deficits represents an incomplete SCI, This is an assessment for and known as ___ |
Sacral sparing Ch13 - pg187 |
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# of Vertebrae Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral |
7 Cervical (vick) 12 Thoracic (Cunningham) 5 Lumbar (McNabb) 5 Sacral (Mcnabb - Redskins) Ch13 - pg176 |