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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
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cognition
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a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
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concept
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a mental image or best example of a category
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prototype
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a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
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algorithm
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contrasts with the usually speedier, but also more error-prone use of heuristics
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algorithm
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a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently
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heuristic
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usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms
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heuristic
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a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
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insight
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a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions
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confirmation bias
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the inability to see a problem from a new perspective
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fixation
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a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem
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mental set
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the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
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functional fixedness
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judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes
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representativeness heuristic
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estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
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availability heuristic
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if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
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availability heuristic
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the tendency to be more confident than correct
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overconfidence
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to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments
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overconfidence
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the way an issue is posed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
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framing
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the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid
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belief bias
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clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
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belief perseverance
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the science of designing and programming computer systems to do intelligent things and to simulate human thought processes, such as intuitive reasoning, learning, a and understand language
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artificial intelligence (AI)
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computer circuits that mimic the brain's interconnected neural cells, performing tasks such as learning to recognize visual patterns and smells
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computer neural networks
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our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
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language
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in a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
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phoneme
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in a language, the smallest unit that carriers meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)
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morpheme
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in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
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grammar
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the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning
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semantics
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the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
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syntax
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the stage in speech development beginning at 3 to 4 months
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babbling stage
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the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
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babbling stage
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the stage in speech development from about age 1 to 2
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one-word stage
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the stage in speech development in which a child speaks mostly in single words
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one-word stage
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the stage in speech development beginning about age 2
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two-word stage
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the stage in speech development in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting "auxiliary " words
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telegraphic speech
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Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
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linguistic determinism
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a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others, using numerical scores
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intelligence test
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a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet
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mental age
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the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance
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mental age
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the widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test
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Stanford-Binet
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defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100
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intelligence quotient (IQ)
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the capacity for goal-directed and adaptive behavior
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intelligence
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involves the abilities to profit from experience, solve problems, and reason effectively
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intelligence
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a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test
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factor analysis
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used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score
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factor analysis
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a factor that Spearman and others believed underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measure by every task on an intelligence test
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general intelligence
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a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an amazing specific skill
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savant syndrome
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the ability to perceive, express, and understand, and regulate emotions
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emotional intelligence
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a test designed to assess what a person has learned
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achievement test
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the most widely used intelligence test
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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
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contains verbal and performance subtests
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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
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defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pre-tested group
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standardization
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the symmetrical bell-shaped curve
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normal curve
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describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes
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normal curve
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most scores falls near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes
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normal curve
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the extent to which a test yields consistent results
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reliability
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the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
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validity
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the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
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content validity
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the behavior that a test is designed to predict
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criterion
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the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validly
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criterion
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the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict
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predictive validity
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assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior
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predictive validity
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a condition of limited mental ability
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mental retardation
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indicated by an intelligence score below 70
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mental retardation
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produces difficulty in adapting to the demands of life
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mental retardation
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a condition caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic makeup
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Down syndrome
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the ability to produce novel an valuable ideas
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creativity
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the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
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heritability
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involves ability to apply acquired knowledge and skills in problem solving
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fluid intelligence
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involves ability to apply acquired knowledge and skills in problem solving
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crystallized intelligence
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how long it takes participants to make simple perceptual discriminations that meet a certain criterion of accuracy
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inspection time
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involves abstract reasoning, evaluation, and judgment
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analytical intelligence
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involves the ability to generate new ideas and to be inventive in dealing with novel problems
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creative intelligence
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involves the ability to deal effectively with the kinds of problems that people encounter in everyday life
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practical intelligence
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