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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what type of muscle fiber has the lowest functional thresholds |
Slow twitch (type 1) |
|
Enumerate the order of recruitment of fiber types |
Slow twitch followed by Fast twitch IIa and finally followed by Fast twitch IIb motor units |
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Hypertrophy as a result of resistance training can be observed after how many weeks of training |
6-8 weeks |
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Muscle contraction to about how many percent of its force generating capacity causes blockage of blood flow to the working muscle |
60% |
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Effects of Valsalva Maneuver |
1. Increases intrathoracic pressure 2. Slows heart rate 3. Decreases return of blood to the heart 4. Increases venous pressure 5. Increases cardiac work |
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How many minutes is needed to return the muscle to 90%-95% of preexercise capacity after vigorous exercise |
3 to 4 minutes |
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Causes of general muscular fatigue |
low blood sugar decreased glycogen stores depletion of potassium |
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Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness begins, peaks and lasts how many hours/days after exercise, |
Begins 12-24 hrs Peaks 24-48 hrs Can last up to 5-7 days |
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What type of isotonic exercise mimics the length-tension curve of the muscle? |
Weight-lifting machines (Variable load) |
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Describe the relationship of peak torque to angular velocity.
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Increasing angular velocity decreases peak torque |
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This type of resistance exercise provides maximum resistance at all points n the ROM as the muscle contracts |
Isokinetic Exercise |
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Compare the actual force generated by the muscle and the force that muscle produces during isokinetic testing |
Force produced in isokinetic testing is higher because of the gravity-produced torque. |
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Which type of contraction consume less oxygen and fewer energy stores? Concentric or Eccentric? |
Eccentric |
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Describe the parameters (Outcome, % of 1RM, Repetition range, Number of Sets and rest between sets) in LIGHT RESISTANCE EXERCISE |
Outcome: Muscular Endurance % of 1 RM: <70 Repetition Range: 12-20 # of Sets: 1-3 Rest between sets: 20-30 seconds |
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Describe the parameters (Outcome, % of 1RM, Repetition range, Number of Sets and rest between sets) in MODERATE RESISTANCE EXERCISE |
Outcome: Hypertrophy and Strength % of 1 RM: 70-80 Repetition Range: 8-12 # of Sets: 1-3 Rest between sets: 30-120 seconds |
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Describe the parameters (Outcome, % of 1RM, Repetition range, Number of Sets and rest between sets) in HEAVY RESISTANCE EXERCISE |
Outcome: Maximum Strength % 1 RM: 80-100 Repetition Range: 1-8 # of Sets: 1-5+ Rest between Sets: 2-5 minutes |
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What are the parameters (Reps, Hold and Rest interval) in ISOMETRIC EXERCISE |
Repetitions: 20 contractions Hold: 5-6 seconds Rest between contractions: 20 seconds |
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Detraining occurs how many weeks after the person stop exercising? |
2 weeks |
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Training level or target heart rate can be established at how many percent of maximum heart rate to increase AEROBIC CAPACITY |
70 percent |
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A cardiorespiratory training effect can be achieved at a rating of _______ to _____ in RPE scale |
13-16 (Somewhat hard to Hard) |
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What is the usual quality of air that precipitates Exercise induced asthma? |
Dry and Cold |
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Describe the adjustments or acclimatization to higher altitudes: |
Takes 2 weeks at 2300 m and and additional week for every additional 600m |
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Describe the relationship of VO2 max to altitude |
VO2 max is decreased 2% for every 300 m above 1500 m |
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How much weight is recommended for Prolonged low-intensity mechanical stretching |
5-15 lbs to 10% of total body weight |
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what type of contracture involves a musculotendinous unit that has adaptively shortened with loss of ROM. Usually involves two-jointed muscles. This type of contracture is reversible in a short time with gentle stretching exercises and active inhibition techniques |
Myostatic Contracture |
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How is the progression in patients with Ataxic and Hyperkinetic movement disorders done? |
Progress from large range to small range movements and finally to holding steady (stability control) |
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Describe the neutral position of the Pelvis: |
ASIS is level or slightly lower that PSIS both ASIS are level |
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Strength and endurance of what muscles should be emphasized to develop postural stability |
Multifidi and Abdominal Obliques |
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Moving out of posture involves what type of contraction? Moving in of posture involves what type of contraction? |
Moving out of posture: Eccentric Moving in of posture: Concentric |
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How to determine the appropriate ball size for stability ball training? |
1. Sitting on ball with feet flat, the ball height should place the hips and knees at 90 degree angles 2. Supine with ball under knees, the ball height should equal the distance between the greater trochanter and the knee 3. Quadruped, the ball height should equal the distance between the shoulder and the wrist |
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Kitchen sink exercises is used to improve what aspect of physical function? |
Standing balance |
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This term is used to describe abnormal shortening or lengthening of muscles and ligaments |
Postural stress syndrome |
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This term is used to describe habituation of compensatory movement patterns that contribute to persistence of pain |
Movement Adaptation syndrome |
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At these temperatures in aquatic therapy, patients have increased cardiovascular demands at rest and during exercise |
>37 degrees Celsius (98.6 Fahrenheit) |
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At these temperatures in aquatic therapy, patients have difficulty maintaining core temperature |
<25 degrees Celsius (77 Fahrenheit) |
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Enumerate the contraindications for Aquatic Exercise: |
|
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What are the Physiologic responses that are increased through general heat application |
Cardiac output Pulse Rate Metabolic Rate Respiratory Rate Vasodilation |
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What are the physiologic responses that are decreased through general heat application |
Blood pressure Stroke volume Muscle activity Blood flow to internal organs blood flow to resting muscle |
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Terry cloth cover equals to how many layers of towelling? |
4-6 layers |
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water temperature of tank for hot packs |
165-170° Fahrenheit |
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Self sterilizing temperature of paraffin wax bath |
175-180° Fahrenheit |
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Melting temperature of Paraffin wax bath |
118-130° Fahrenheit |
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Paraffin wax and mineral oil ratio? |
6:1 or 7:1 |
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In the absence of contamination, the contents of the paraffin bath must be changed at least every how many months? |
6 months |
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Treatment temperature of paraffin wax bath |
125° Fahrenheit |
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The specific heat of water is about how many times that of air? |
Four times |
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What are the common antibacterial agents used for hydrotherapy? |
Sodium Hypochlorite (Bleach) 200ppm Chloramine-T 100-200 ppm |
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Treatment temperature of Whirlpool |
103-110°F |
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Treatment temperature of Hubbard tank |
100°F |
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Hydrotherapy treatment temperature of peripheral vascular disease |
95-100°F |
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Hydrotherapy treatment temperature of open wounds |
92-96°F |
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Hydrotherapy treatment temperature for spasticity |
92-96°F |
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Hydrotherapy treatment temperature for cardiopulmonary compromise, and treatment of burns |
96-98°F |
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Hydrotherapy treatment temperature for pain management |
99-104°F |
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Hydrotherapy treatment temperature for chronic rheumatoid or osteoarthritis |
104-110°F |
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Temperature range of therapeutic pool |
92-98°F |
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Decreased physiologic effects of general cold application |
Metabolic rate Pulse rate Respiratory rate Venous blood pressure |
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Increased physiologic effects of general cold application |
blood flow to internal organs cardiac output stroke volume Arterial blood pressure |
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Cold packs should be maintained in refrigerated unit at what temperature? |
25°F (Giles) 0-10° (TherapyEd) |
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Sequence of physiologic response in ice massage |
ICBAN Intense Cold Burning Aching Numbness |
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Treatment area of ice massage |
4x6 inches or 10-15 cm |
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Maintaining skin temperature above how many degrees Fahrenheit will minimize the risk of damaging tissue or producing frostbite? |
above 59° F |
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Method of application of Vapocoolant Spray |
The spray should be applied at a 30 degree angle at a distance of 12-18 inches from the skin |
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Temperature of water used for contrast baths |
Hot: 100-111°F (S), 104-106°F (G) Cold: 55-65°F (S), 50-60°(G) |
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Duration of hot water immersion and cold water immersion in contrast bath |
4 minutes Hot 1 minute Cold Repeat for 20-30 minutes |
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Rate of application in a) Ice Massage b) Vapocoolant Spray |
Ice Massage: 2 inches per second Vapocoolant Spray: 4 inches per second |
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Ultrasound has a frequency above how many hertz |
20 Khz |
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Most commonly used transducer size |
5 cm2 |
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During continuous US, what characteristics are predominant? |
Spatial characteristics |
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How is Spatial average intensity determined for ultrasound? |
The total power (watts) divided by the area (cm2) of the transducer head watts/cm2 |
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Normal BNR ratio? |
between 2:1 to 6:1 |
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During pulsed US, what characteristics are more predominant? |
Temporal characteristics |
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What is the duty cycle of pulse US |
50% or less |
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the reduction of acoustical energy as it passes through soft tissue |
Attenuation |
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What is the appropriate action when patient felt STRONG ache during ultrasound treatment |
decrease intensity |
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movement of fluids along the boundaries of cell membranes resulting from mechanical pressure wave |
Acoustic streaming |
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rate of transducer head movement in Ultrasound treatment |
1.5 inches per second |
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This refers to the area of the transducer that transmit ultrasound energy |
Effective radiating area |
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What is Beam non-uniformity ratio |
Ratio between spatial peak intensity and spatial-average intensity |
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Describe the relationship of tissue content and absorption of ultrasound. |
More water = less absorption More Protein or collagen = more absorption |
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Depth of penetration of 1 Mhz Ultrasound |
up to 5 cm |
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Depth of penetration of 3 Mhz Ultrasound |
1-2 cm
|
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Parameters of Phonophoresis (Mode, Intensity, Time) |
Mode: Pulsed 20% Treatment Intensity: 1-3 w/cm2 Treatment time: 5-10 minutes |
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Enumerate the different body tissues from the most to least protein/collagen content |
Be Careful To See My Newly Furnished Bed Bone Cartilage Tendon Skin Muscle Nerve Fat/Fascia Blood |
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Shortwave diathermy has a radiofrequency range of up to ____ |
300 MHz |
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Shortwave diathermy has wavelength of no more than ___ |
200 m |
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SWD devices generally use a frequency of ___ |
27.12 MHz |
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What method does Inductive coil uses? and What method does Capacitive plates uses? |
Inductive coil: Magnetic field method Capacitive Plates: Electric field method |
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What type of SWD is better for superficial heating and what is better for deeper structure heating |
Superficial: Capacitive plates
Deep: Inductive Coil |
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Which method of SWD causes electrical eddy currents |
Inductive coil |
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What method of SWD is used for areas of low fat content and areas of high water content |
Low Fat content: Capacitive Plate High Water content: Inductive coil |
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Enumerate and describe the dosage guildelines for Diathermy |
I - No sensation of heat II - Mild Heating sensation III - Moderate Heating Sensation IV - Vigorous heating that is tolerable below the pain threshold |
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Dosage of cervical intermittent mechanical traction needed to stretch soft tissue or treat muscle spasm or disk protrusion |
10-15 lbs or 7-10% of the total body weight |
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Dosage of cervical intermittent mechanical traction needed to cause joint distraction |
20-30 lbs or 13-20% of the total body weight |
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Duration of cervical intermittent mechanical traction |
5-10 minutes for acute conditions or disk protrusion 20-30 minutes with other spinal conditions |
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Position of the cervical spine in intermittent mechanical traction when targeting:
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Upper Cervical Spine: 0-5º flexion Mid Cervical Spine: 10-20º flexion Lower cervical spine: 25-35º flexion General positioning: 20-30º flexion |
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Duty cycle recommended for spinal intermittent mechanical traction |
3:1 |
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Position of the hip joint during intermittent mechanical traction when the purpose is to increase the intervertebral space between:
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L5-S1: 45º-60º of flexion L3-L4: 75º-90º of flexion |
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Treatment force used for lumbar traction in
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Acute phase: 30-40 lbs Disc protrusion, Elongation of Soft Tissues: 25% of TBW Joint distraction: 50% of TBW |
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What type of bandage is best for patients who are immobile? |
Long-stretch bandages |
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What type of bandage is best for patients who are exercising |
Short stretch |
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An Unna boot is capable of providing a sustained compression for of how much? |
35-40 mmHg |
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Compression garment pressure used for scar tissue control and for edema control |
Scar: 20-30 mmHg Edema: 30-40 mmHg |
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Normal arterial capillary pressure |
30 mmHg |
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Treatment of upper extremities using pneumatic compression pumps requires how much pressure |
30-60 mmHg |
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Treatment of lower extremities using pneumatic compression pumps requires how much pressure |
40-80 mmHg |
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Position of the UE when using intermittent mechanical compression |
Elevated by 45º abducted by 20-70 º |
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Duty cycle of intermittent mechanical compression for a) edema reduction b) shape residual limb |
Edema Reduction: 3:1 Shaping Residual Limb: 4:1 |
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How many degrees of flexion is the CPM unit INITIALLY set. How much for progression |
20-40º of knee flexion with 5-10º to progress |
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Acceptable goal of knee flexion using CPM unit |
110-120º flexion |
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This type of massage is used frequently with chronic inflammation or with overuse injuries |
Friction massage |
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What is the approximate critical threshold level for depolarization? |
-55 mV |
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How many milliseconds are needed to depolarize sensory nerves? |
<0.05 milliseconds |
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How many milliseconds are needed to depolarization motor nerves? |
< 1 milliseconds |
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What is the chronaxie of a denervated muscle? |
> 1 milliseconds |
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In denervated muscle, the area of greatest excitability is found where? |
Distally toward the insertion |
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This is defined as the rate of flow of electrons |
Amperage |
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This is the force that drives electrons through the conductive medium |
Voltage |
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What are the positively charged cells needed for tissue repair, and what are the negatively charged cells |
POSITIVE
NEGATIVE
|
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Positive ions move toward the negative pole or cathode, producing what secondary reaction? |
Alkaline reaction (NaOH) |
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Negative ions move toward the positive pole (anode), and what secondary reaction occurs? |
Acidic (HCl) |
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Safe limit of dosage in iontophoresis when using anode/cathode as the active electrode |
Anode: 1 mA/cm²
Cathode: 0.5 mA/cm²
|
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This type of TENS can be applied during the chronic phase of pain |
Acupuncture-like TENS |
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Describe the characteristics of High Voltage Pulsed Stimulation |
Monophasic Twin-peaked Pulse of short duration |
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What should be the active electrode for bactericidal effect and what electrode for culture-free wound |
ANODE - culture-free wound CATHODE - bactericidal effect |
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Parameters of High voltage pulsed galvanic stimulation for wound healing |
Amplitude: comfortable tingling sensation, paresthesia, no muscle response Pulse rate: 50-200 pps Pulse duration: 20-100 microseconds Mode: Continuous |
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A 2500 Hz sine wave (carrier frequency) which is interrupted for 10 milliseconds at 10 milliseconds intervals producing fifty 10-millisecond bursts per second
This type of time interval produces time modulated current
Also known as medium frequency, burst alternating current |
Russian current |
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What is the methof used for variable interferential current to reduce accommodation |
Sweep frequency |
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Parameters of FES for shoulder subluxation and for dorsiflexion assist in gait training |
Shoulder subluxation: Pulse rate is 12-25 pps
Foot drop: Pulse rate: 30-300 pps Pulse duration: 20-250 microseconds
Amplitude for both conditions should produce TETANIC muscle contraction |
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What are the characteristics of electrical current when using small electrodes |
Increased current density Increased impedance Decreased current flow |
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What are the characteristics of electrical current when using large electrodes |
Decreased current density Decreased impedance Increased current flow |
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A smooth tetanus contraction is usually produced in what frequency? |
35-50 pulses per second |
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Amplitude characteristics for different type of TENS |
Conventional: sufficient for a sensory response Acupuncture: sufficient to produce muscle twitching Brief intense: sufficient for strong paresthesia or a motor response Noxious/ Hyperstimulation: highest tolerated stimulus |
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Pulse frequency of each type of TENS: |
Conventional: 30-150 pps High Acupuncture: 2-4 pps Low Brief-intense: 60-120 pps High Noxious: 1-5 pps Low |
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Pulse duration of different types of TENS |
Conventional: 50-100 microseconds Short Acupuncture: 100-300 microseconds Long Brief intense: 150-500 microseconds Long Noxious: 250 microsecond to one second Long |
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Dosage range for iontophoresis |
40-80 mA-min |
|
Use LIDOCAINE |
for analgesia and inflammation |
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Use of Salicylate in iontophoresis |
Muscle and joint pain Plantar warts |
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Indication of acetic acid or acetate in iontophoresis |
Calcium deposits |
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Indication of Zinc for iontophoresis |
Healing, Dermal ulcers Wounds |
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Indication of Hyaluronase or Wydase in iontophoresis |
Edema reduction |
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Indication of copper in iontophoresis |
Fungal infection |
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Indication of water in iontophoresis |
Hyperhidrosis |
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Indication of calcium chloride in iontophoresis |
Scar tissue Keloids Muscle spasms |
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Indication of magnesium sulfate in iontophoresis |
Muscle spasm Ischemia |
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Indication of Dexamethasone in iontophoresis |
Inflammation |
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Indication of iodine in iontophoresis |
Scars Adhesive capsulitis |
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Negative agents for iontophoresis |
SAID Salicylates Acetic Acid Iodine Dexamathasone |