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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define Personality
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Dynamic Organization, inside the person, of psychological systems that create the person's characteristics patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings.
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Qualities of Personality
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1. Has organization
2. has process, dynamic, not dormant 3. Tied to a physical body, but is psychological concept 4. Is a causal force - helps define how one relates to the field - bias filter 5. Personality shows up in patterns 6. Displayed in many ways - behaviors, thoughts, feelings |
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Assumptions of Personality
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1. Continuous over time
2. Person is origin of behavior 3. You can be captured by a few salient qualities |
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Levels of Personality
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1. Temperments and Traits
2. Attitudes and Attachments 3. Personal Narrative |
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2 key issues in field of personality
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1. Individual differences - difference in personality between people
2. Intrapersonal functioning - psychological process that takes place within the person |
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Theory
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summary statement of principles that pertain to certain class of events
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Purpose of Theory
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Explain things that are known and predict possibilities that have yet to be examined
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A good theory...
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Based on breadth of information, not based on single kind of information, parsimonious, "feels good" and fits well with intuition, stimulates interest
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Dispositional Perspective
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trait, fairly stable qualitis across settings
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Biological perspective
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humans are biological creatures with shared genetic dispositions
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Psychoanalytic perspective
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internal forces compete and conflict with each other, Freud
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Neoanalytic perspective
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ego and development, early experiences and relationships key
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Learning perspective
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change constant because of experience, you change environment --> change you
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Phenomenological perspective
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humanistic, free will to choose experiences
1. internal subjective experience unique/valuable/meaningful/important 2. people tend toward self perfection and use free will |
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Cognitive self-regulation
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thinking structure/how you think (rules, patterns) is key
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Central Limits Theorem
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can generalize random sample to population if random and representative of population
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Variable
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anything that changes, dimension along which variations exist, link in systematic way
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Independent variable
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predictor, manipulated by researcher, cause
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Dependent variable
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link with level of independent, outcome, observed and measured
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control variable
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help constant so doesn't correlate
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Extraneous variables
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variable with unwanted effect, trying to control them
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Quasi-Experimental research
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correlational with indpendent variable naturally occuring, can't rule out 3rd variable
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Main effect
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one independent of another, result is 2 parallel lines with no interaction
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Strong situation
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personality washed out, socialization strong
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Weak situation
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personality and character comes out, social norms decreased
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Sources of Information in personality assessment
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Observer ratings or self-report
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Reliability
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how reproducable, consistency across measures
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Validity
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measure what you intend to measure
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Internal consistency
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consistent items with, average correlation between each pair in set
Chrom-Box Alpha meaures internal consistency (higher to one = more reliable) |
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Inter-rater reliability
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extent to which judges see the same with with same event, agreement between raters, decrease personal bias
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Test-retest reliability
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reproducibility over time
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Construct validity
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operational definitions matches concept you set out to measure, define construct in way that is measurable
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Criterion validity
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predictibility, external criterion of link conpcet with assessment, how well predicts what supposed to
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Convergent validity
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fingings link together con construct, relates to similar characteristics not measure
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Discriminant validty
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not measuring things don't intend to measure
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Face validity
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Obvious, seems to measure what want to measure
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Cultural issues
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1. meaning universal
2. interpetation the same as you meant it to be |
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Response sets
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Bias, acquiesence, social desirability/social norms influence response
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metatheories
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set of orienting assumptions about reality, provide guidelines for what kinds of ideas to use to create theories
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case-study
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in depth study of one individual
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causality
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relationship such that variation in one direction produces variation in another
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clinically significant
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association large enough to have practical importance
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correlation
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relationship in whcih 2 varibales covary when measured repeatedly
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inferential statistics
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stats used to judge the liklihood that a relationshop exists between variables
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personology
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study of the whole person, not just one aspect
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statistical significance
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an effect unlikely to have occured by chance
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acquiescence
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response set of tending to agree, say 'yes'
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criterion keying
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developing of a test by seeing what items distinguish between groups
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error
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random influences incorporated in measurements
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inventory
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personaluty test measureing several aspects of personality on distinct scales
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rational approach (to scale development)
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use of theory ot decide what you want to measure, then deciding how to measure it
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split-half reliability
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one way of assessing internal consistency among responses to items of a measure
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