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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
THORACIC CAGE - Enumerate its component |
- thoracic segment of the spine - sternum - ribs |
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Other names for Superior Thoracic Aperture & Inferior Thoracic Aperture |
Superior Thoracic Aperture = Thoracic Inlet Inferior Thoracic Aperture = Thoracic Outlet |
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Definition of Superior Thoracic Aperture (Thoracic Inlet) (wiki) |
It refers to the opening at the top of the thoracic cavity |
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Definition of Inferior Thoracic Aperture (Thoracic Outlet) (wiki) |
= the lower opening of the thoracic cavity whose edges are the lowest ribs |
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Which one is larger? Superior or Inferior Thoracic Aperture (~) |
Inferior Thoracic Aperture - Thoracic outlet |
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Components of the STERNUM |
- manubrium - sternal body - xiphoid process |
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On the thoracic cage, where is the infrasternal angle of the sternum? |
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Enumerate the joints/ junctions on the sternum |
- Manubriosternal joint - Xiphisternal joint |
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On the sternum, locate the manubriosternal and xiphisternal joint |
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Enumerate the typical vertebral levels of the sternum |
1. Suprasternal jugular notch (TII) 2. Manubriosternal joint = Sternal angle (TIV-V) 3. Xiphisternal joint (TIX) |
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What is Costa? |
= latin name for RIBS (refer to m. Levatores Costarum, who elevates the ribs) |
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How many types of ribs there are? Describe them |
- True ribs - False ribs - Floating ribs |
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Which ribs are the TRUE ribs? Why is the rib characterized true? |
Ribs I-VII Because they have the DIRECT insertion to the sternum via costal cartilage |
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Which ribs are the FALSE ribs? Why is the rib characterized false? |
Ribs VIII-X Because they have the INDIRECT insertion to the sternum via costal margin (infrasternal angle) [so -costal Cartilage = DIRECT insertion -costal Margin = INDIRECT insertion] |
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Which ribs are the FLOATING ribs? Why is the rib characterized floating? |
Ribs XI-XII Because hey have NO insertion on the sternum |
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Name the components (typical features) of a ribs |
- head - neck - tubercle - body (shaft) - costal angle - costal cartilage - costal groove |
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Identify the typical features of a ribs |
- head - neck - tubercle - costal angle - costal groove - body (shaft) - costal cartilage |
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Enumerate the atypical ribs |
Ribs: -True: I, II -False: X -Floating: XI and XII |
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Why is ribs I atypical? |
Ribs I: - Short, flat and horizontally oriented - NO COSTAL GROOVE |
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The costal groove is replaced by what on ribs 1? |
anterior and posterior grooves |
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What does the anterior and posterior grooves on rib 1 contains? |
* anterior groove: for subclavian vein * posterior groove: for subclavian artery |
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Why is ribs II atypical? |
Like rib I - Short, flat and horizontally oriented - NO COSTAL GROOVE |
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Ribs 1 vs ribs II - which one is longer? |
Ribs II Length: ribs II = 2x ribs I |
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Why is ribs XI and XII atypical? |
• No tubercles or necks • Short (while rib I, II: no costal groove) |
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Which atypical ribs only articulate with the vertebrae at its own level? (~~) |
-Can't be ribs XI or XII since they have no tubercle -Ribs I & II have heads -> articulate with 2 vertebraes => RIBS X (that's why it's atypical I think..) |
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How do we call the joint of the thoracic cage? |
COSTOVERTEBRAL JOINT |
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What is the type a costovertebral joint is? (solid vs synovial joint) |
synovial joint |
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How many costovertebral joint there are? |
2 |
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What is a costotransverse joint? |
A type of costovertebral joint (see well the photo) |
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On which part of the ribs is the costotransverse joint? |
-> so between TUBERCLE & TRANSVERSE COSTAL FACET |
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Where is the transverse costo facet (costo facet on the transverse process) that the costotransverse joint articulate with? |
on THORACIC vertebrae |
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Resume the articulation of the costotransverse joint |
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Apart the costotransverse, what is the other type of costovertebral joint? |
2 articular facets on the HEAD of the ribs: - Superior articular facet - Inferior articular facet |
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The 2 articular facets on the HEAD of the ribs articulate with what? |
Correction: only ribs X articulate with only the vertebrae at its own level |
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So on the ribs, what and where are the 2 costovertebral joint? With what these joints articulate? |
1. On the HEAD of the ribs: 2 articular facets -> articulate with the body of 2 vertebrae (1 ABOVE and 1 BELOW) 2. On the TUBERCLE of the ribs: costotransverse joint -> articulate with the transverse process - on the thoracic vertebrae (at its OWN LEVEL) |
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Where are the costovertebral joints on the thoracic cage? |
Those are POSTERIOR joints = between the ribs and the vertebra |
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Which joints are on the ANTERIOR part of the thoracic cage? Identify them |
3 joints 1.Costochondral 2. Sternocostal 3. Interchondral NB: chondral = cartilage |
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In general, where are the anterior joints of the thoracic cage? |
Between the ribs and the sternum (while the joints on the POST. part of the sternum = between ribs & the vertebrae) |
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While costovertebral joint = synovial joint, what about the anterior joint? |
1.Costochondral: Solid, cartilaginous, synchondrosis joint
2. Sternocostal: Synovial, plane/gliding |
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Is ALL sternocostal joint synovial, plane/gliding? |
NO! The sternocostal joint of the 1st rib is a synchrondrosis joint |
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Where is the interchondral joint? |
Important: interchondral joint = on false ribs only |
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Summerize all joints of the thoracic cage |
all joints of the thoracic cage = in orange |
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Enumerate the muscles of the thoracic wall |
NB: scalenes were mentioned as deep m. of the neck as well, aide in inspiration
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How does EXternal Intercostal muscle contributes to respiration? |
Elevates ribs in forced INHALATION= forced INSPIRATION (so doesn't participate in normal inhalation) |
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How does INternal Intercostal muscle contributes to respiration? |
Depresses ribs in forced EXPIRATION (so doesn't participate in normal expiration) [so EXternal Intercostal m. -> forced INspiration while INternal Intercostal muscle-> forced EXpiration x))] |
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How does INNERMOST Intercostal muscle contributes to respiration? |
Like lNTERNAL intercostal muscle = Depresses ribs in forced EXPIRATION
(Important: innermost intercostal mucle = on the internal surface of the thoracic wall, unlike internal intercostal muscle) |
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How does Transversus Thoracis muscle contributes to respiration? |
Weakly depresses ribs (in normal expiration) |
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How does Scalene muscle contributes to respiration? |
Raises/Elevates upper ribs (in normal inspiration) |
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Summarize 3 types of scalene muscles functions and position |
3 types of Scalene: elevation of the upper ribs |
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Summarize muscles of thoracic wall contribution to respiration |
see cmap "ANAT 315_Muscles of the thoracic wall" (important!)
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Diaphragm - have an idea where it is |
= muscle for inspiration |
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Enumerate the neurovascular structures of the thoracic cage |
see cmap "ANAT 315 - Neurovascular supply of thoracic wall"
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Where are the Internal thoracic (mammary) a. & v.? |
* Internal thoracic (mammary) a. = branch of the subclavian art. * Internal thoracic (mammary) v. = branch of the brachiocephalic v. |
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Where are the Intercostal art. & ve.? |
see cmap "ANAT 315 - Neurovascular supply of thoracic wall"
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Identify where are the subcostal arteries & veins? |
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Where are the Thoracic Spinal nerves? |
see cmap "ANAT 315 - Neurovascular supply of thoracic wall" |
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Where are the division of a typical intercostal nerve? |
. |
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In short, what is the term for the neurovessels order for muscles of the thoracic cage? |
VAN *Vein *Artery *Nerve |
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Summarize positions of neurovascular supply for the thoracic wall |
. |
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Definition of DERMATOME
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an area or strip of skin that is supplied by a SINGLE spinal nerve |
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Enumerate the clinically important dermatomes and their location
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* T4: nipple * T10: umbilicus |
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Name and identify the regions of the abdomen
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Enumerate the muscles of the abdomen
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1. Rectus abdominis
2. Oblique: a. External b. Internal (while the Neck has Obliquus capitalis as a m.)
3. Transversus abdominis |
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OBLIQUE muscles layers |
1. External (on the outer side) 2. Internal (on the inner side) PS: on each side (L vs R), there are both the external and internal layer |
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INTERNAL OBLIQUE muscles - Muscle fiber orientation |
Begin as superior-anterior and transition to inferior-anterior |
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EXTERNAL OBLIQUE muscles - Muscle fiber orientation |
Inferior-Anterior (always. No transition from sup.-ant. like Internal oblique m.) |
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OBLIQUE muscles - their functions |
1. Compress abdominal contests (compress the lower thoracic cavity to aid expiration) 2. Lumbar flexion (flexion of the trunk) 3. Contralateral trunk rotation (rotate trunk to the opposite side) |
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Identify the RECTUS ABDOMINIS muscles |
. |
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RECTUS ABDOMINIS muscles - their functions |
* Compression of abdominal content * Flexion of the vertebral column (flexion of the trunk) |
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The appearance of the "6-pack" is due to what structures? |
Due to the Tendinous Intersections (~3) on the Rectus Abdominis muscle -> the number of packs a person displayed is determined by the number of bands of fascia (a kind of connective tissue) crossing the abdominal region (wiki) |
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What is a linea alba? |
LINEA ALBA= oblique muscles and transversus abdominis become aponeuroses (flat broad tendons) that invest around Rectus Abdominis |
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Organization of the rectus sheath ABOVE the Arcuate Line |
(in blue) |
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Organization of the rectus sheath BELOW the Arcuate Line |
(in green) |