The Respiratory System--Chapter 21

Front 1

respiratory system is composed of ...

Back 1

structures involved in breathing or pulmonary ventilation.

Front 2

pulmonary ventilation

Back 2

airflow to and from the lungs and gas exchange.

Front 3

(2) divisions of respiratory system

Back 3

1) upper respiratory system (tract)

2) lower respiratory system (tract)

Front 4

respiratory tract

Back 4

branching passageway that carries air to/from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs.

Front 5

(2) portions of respiratory tract

Back 5

1) conducting portion

2) respiratory portion

Front 6

conducting portion consists of:

Back 6

nasal cavity through pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and larger bronchioles

Front 7

respiratory portion consists of:

Back 7

smallest, most delicate bronchioles and air-filled sacs called alveoli

Front 8

alveoli

Back 8

air-filled sacs where gas exchange between air and blood occurs

Front 9

(5) major functions of respiratory system:

Back 9

1) provides extensive surface area for gas exchange between air and circulating blood

2) moves air to/from gas exchange surfaces of the lungs

3) protects the respiratory surfaces (dehydration, temp changes, environmental variations) and defends from pathogens

4) produces sounds for communication

5) facilitates olfactory stimuli in superior nasal cavity

Front 10

upper respiratory tract

Back 10

filters, warms, humidifies incoming air and reabsorbs heat and water from outgoing air.

Front 11

lower respiratory tract

Back 11

conducts air to/from gas exchange surfaces.

Front 12

respiratory defense system

Back 12

filtration mechanisms which prevents contamination of respiratory system from inhaled debris or pathogens

Front 13

respiratory mucosa

Back 13

lines the conducting portion of respiratory tract and is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with mucous cells

Front 14

mucus escalator

Back 14

ciliary movement to clean and protect respiratory surfaces (sweeps mucus and debris towards pharynx to be removed by cough or swallowed and exposed to stomach acids/enzymes)

Front 15

lamina propria

Back 15

supports respiratory epithelium (underlying layer of areolar tissue)

Front 16

cystic fibrosis (CF)

Back 16

most common, lethal inherited disease among Caucasians of Northern European descent; results in production of abnormally thick and sticky mucus in conducting portions of respiratory tract leading to lethal lung infections.

Front 17

upper respiratory system includes: (4)

Back 17

1) nose

2) nasal cavity

3) paranasal sinuses

4) pharynx

Front 18

nose

Back 18

primary passageway for air entering respiratory system with normal breathing

Front 19

name/define components of the nose: (3)

Back 19

1) bridge of nose: two nasal bones supported by anterior nasal septum (hyaline cartilage).

2) nasal cartilages: elastic, extend laterally from bridge; keep nares open and prevent their collapse during strong inhalation.

3) external nares or nostrils: paired; air enters, opens into nasal cavity.

Front 20

superior, middle, and inferior meatuses

Back 20

passageway adjacent to the nasal conchae through which air flows from external nares to internal nares

Front 21

nasal cavity

Back 21

lining coated by mucus which traps airborne particles from incoming air bouncing off nasal conchae; also allows for warming and humidifying of incoming air and olfactory stimulation.

Front 22

paranasal sinuses

Back 22

produces mucus (aided by tears draining from nasolacrimal ducts) which keeps surfaces of nasal cavity moist and clean.

Front 23

nasal septum

Back 23

divides nasal cavity into left and right portions

Front 24

pharynx

Back 24

chamber shared by digestive and respiratory systems

Front 25

nasopharynx

Back 25

superior portion of pharynx located between soft palate and the internal nares.

Front 26

nasopharyngeal meatus

Back 26

pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube that leads to middle ear.

Front 27

oropharynx

Back 27

extends between soft palate and the base of the tongue at the level of the hyoid bone

Front 28

laryngopharynx

Back 28

portion of pharynx between hyoid bone and the entrance to the larynx and esophagus

Front 29

trachea

Back 29

windpipe; conducts air toward lungs

Front 30

internal nares

Back 30

connection through which nasal cavity opens into the nasopharynx

Front 31

nasal vestibule

Back 31

space contained within the flexible tissues of the nose; contains coarse hairs which trap/prevent large airborne particles from entering nasal cavity

Front 32

hard palate

Back 32

floor of the nasal cavity and separates it from the oral cavity

Front 33

soft palate

Back 33

extends posterior to the hard palate

Front 34

glottis

Back 34

1) narrow opening of the larynx through which air enters/leaves

2) made up of vocal folds and rima glottidis

Front 35

larynx

Back 35

cartilaginous structure that surrounds and protects the glottis

Front 36

pathway of air through the upper respiratory system

Back 36

external nares-->nasal vestibule (guarded by hairs which trap particles)-->nasal cavity-->superior, middle, and inferior meatuses (air bounces off conchal surfaces)-->internal nares (connections between nasal cavity and nasopharynx)-->nasopharynx-->oropharynx-->laryngopharynx

Front 37

lower respiratory systems includes (4):

Back 37

1) larynx

2) trachea

3) bronchus

4) bronchioles

Front 38

larynx

Back 38

voice box; protects glottis and produces sounds

Front 39

name/define 3 large unpaired cartilages of larynx

Back 39

1) epiglottis: projects superior to glottis; forms lid over glottis to prevent the entry of foods into the respiratory tract during swallowing.

2) thyroid cartilage: anterior surface called the laryngeal prominence or Adam's apple; superior surface attaches to hyoid bone, the epiglottis, and small laryngeal cartilages.

3) cricoid cartilage: complete ring of cartilage; together with thyroid cartilages protect the glottis and entrance to the trachea.

Front 40

vestibular and vocal ligaments

Back 40

extend between the thyroid cartilage and the arytenoid cartilages

Front 41

name/define (3) small paired cartilages of larynx

Back 41

1) cuneiform cartilages: (long, curved); lie within folds of tissue that extend between lateral surface arytenoid cartilages and epiglottis.

2) corniculate cartilages: function in opening and closing of glottis and production of sound along with arytenoid cartilages.

3) arytenoid cartilages: articulate with superior surface of cricoid cartilage.

Front 42

vocal folds (vocal cords)

Back 42

tissue folds (contain elastic vocal ligaments) which make up the glottis; passing air vibrates these when the glottis is open to produce sound

Front 43

rima glottidis

Back 43

1) makes up glottis along with vocal folds

2) opening between vocal folds and the arytenoid cartilages.

Front 44

vestibular folds

Back 44

1) inelastic; house the vestibular ligaments

2) prevent foreign objects from entering the glottis and contacting the delicate vocal folds.

Front 45

phonation

Back 45

1) sound production at the larynx

2) component of speech

Front 46

articulation

Back 46

modification of sounds by other structues (tongue, teeth, lips) required for clear speech

Front 47

trachea

Back 47

1) windpipe; begins anterior to vertebra C6 and ends in mediastinum at level vertebra T5

2) brances to form (R) and (L) primary bronchi

Front 48

tracheal cartilages

Back 48

1) stiffen tracheal walls and protect airway,

2) prevent collapse or overexpanding of trachea as pressures change in the respiratory system.

Front 49

(R) primary bronchus

Back 49

1) larger in diameter and descends towards lungs at a steeper angle than (L).

2) most foreign objects entering the trachea found here.

Front 50

trachealis muscle

Back 50

1) connect ends of each C-shaped tracheal cartilage along with elastic ligament.

2) contracts to reduce diameter of trachea in response to increased resistance to airflow which allows more forceful air expulsion, such as when cough.

Front 51

air-conducting passageways in lower respiratory tract

Back 51

trachea to mediastinum-->two primary bronchi (form complete rings) one to each lung-->secondary bronchi-->tertiary bronchi-->bronchioles-->terminal bronchioles-->pulmonary lobule-->gas exchange with alveoli

Front 52

secondary bronchi

Back 52

1) supported by small cartilage plates rather than rings

2) right lung has 3, left lung has 2