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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Chemistry |
the science of the structure and interactions of matter. |
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Matter |
anything that occupies space and has mass. |
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Mass |
The amount of matter in any object which does not change. |
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Weight |
The force of gravity acting on matter, does change. |
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Major Elements in the body |
CHON Oxygen (O) Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N) |
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Lesser Elements in the body iMCCPPSS |
Iron (Fe) Magnesium (Mg) Calcium (Ca) Chlorine (Cl) Potassium (K) Phosphorus (P) Sulfur (S) Sodium (Na) |
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Atomic Number |
Number of protons in the nucleus upper left of tile |
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Mass Number |
Sum of its protons and neutrons bottom of tile |
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Element
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A substance that cannot be split into a simpler substance
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Atoms |
Smallest units of matter thatretain the properties and characteristics ofan element. Atoms are composedof subatomic particles: protons (+), neutrons and electrons (-).
Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus |
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Chemical Symbol
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Letter in the center of tile |
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Isitopes |
Atoms of an element that have different numbers ofneutrons
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Radioactive Isitopes |
are unstable. They give offparticles or energy in the form of radiation as theydecay into a more stable form.
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Tracers - Name one used in medicine |
Useful radioactive isotopes that follow moment of certain substance through the body. Iodine-131 is used to detect cancer of the thyroid gland and to asses its size and activity, and may also be used to destroy part of an overactive thyroid gland. |
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When an atom is in a neutral state
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the # of protons = the # ofelectrons
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Atomic Mass |
theaverage mass of all of an element’s isotopes – measured in Daltons
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Ion |
an atom that has lost or gained an electron
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Molecule
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formed when two or more atoms join together – ex. H2
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Compound
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a type of molecule that contains atoms of two or more different elements – ex. H20, but not H2
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A chemical bond occurs
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when atoms are held together by forces of attraction
- The number of electrons in the valence shell (outermost) determines the likelihood that an atom will form a chemical bond with another atom |
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Families
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vertical rows of elements with similar traits
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Free Radical
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An atom with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell, which makes it unstable, highly reactive, and destructive to nearby cells.
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Ionic Bond |
The force of attraction that holds ions with opposite charges together:
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Cation and Anion |
Cation = positive ion (lost e-)
Anion = negative ion (gained e-) |
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Covalent bond |
When two or more atoms share their electrons. Can be single, double, or triple
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Nonpolar Covalent
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atoms share e- equally; ex. CH4, O2, H2 (bonds between two identical atoms are always nonpolar)
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Polar Covalent
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atoms share e- unevenly; ex. H2O
creates a slightly neg or pos charge at one "pole" of the molecule |
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Hydrogen bond |
A bond between two or more polar molecules that contain hydrogen. H-bonds create cohesion between molecules
– the tendency of molecules to stay together. This gives water a high surface tension |
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Antioxidants |
Thought to slow the pace of damage causing free radicals. Important dietary antioxidants include: Selenium Zinc Beta-carotene Vitamins C and E Red, Blue, or purple fruits and vegetables contain high levels of antioxidants. |
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Periodic Tile |
Name of Element Atomic Number Chemical Symbol Atomic Mass |
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Chemical Bond |
occurs when atoms are held together by forces of attraction
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Properties of Water |
Good solvent
hydrolysis -break down molecules Dehydration synthesis High capacity for heat and a high heat of vaporization Good lubricant. |
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Chemical Reactions
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occurs when new bonds are formed or old bonds are broken
Reactants – starting substances Products – ending substances |
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Law of Conservation of Energy
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Energy can be neither created or destroyed, but it can be converted from one form to another
Other forms of energy include chemical, mechanical, and electrical |
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Exergonic vs Endergonic reactions
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Exergonic reactions – release more energy than they absorb
Endergonic reactions – absorb more energy than they release |
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Activation energy
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the amount of energy needed to get a reaction started; influenced by: Concentration Temperature
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Catalyst |
Chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy
The most important catalysts in the human body are enzymes. |
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Types of Chemical Reactions
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-Synthesis (anabolism) A + B AB
-Decomposition (catabolism) AB A + B -Exchange (both) AB + CD AD + BC -Reversible AB A + B -Oxidation-reduction (Ch. 25) |
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Inorganic vs. Organic Compounds
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Inorganic compounds usually lack carbon and are simple moleculesH2O is the most important and abundant inorganic compound in all living things
– makes up 55-60% of adult body The most common inorganic compound w/carbon is CO2 Organic compounds always contain C, usually contain H, and always have covalent bonds |
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Acid, Base, and Salt |
Acid – dissociates into hydrogen ions
Base – dissociates into hydroxide ions Acids and bases react with each other to form salts Salt – dissociates into cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH- |
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The pH Scale
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A change in one whole number represents a 10x change in value
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Ph value of blood |
7.35-7.45 slightly basic |
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carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
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carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is an important system in the body. Because this reaction is reversible the same reaction can buffer either strong bases or strong acids.
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Carbon (Organic) Properties
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Carbon can from bonds with thousands of other carbon atoms to produce large molecules with many different shapes. It can bond with a variety of other atoms.Organic compounds do not dissolve easily in water.Organic compounds are held together by stable covalent bonds
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Functional Groups of Carbon
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Carbon Skeleton – The chain of carbon atoms that make up an organic molecule
Hydrocarbon – an organic molecule in which many of the carbon atoms are bonded to hydrogen atoms Functional group – specific arrangements of other atoms or molecules that give an organic molecule a specific function. |
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Carbohydrates |
Carbohydrates provide most of the energy needed for life |
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Lipids |
Eicosanoids Other Lipids Carotenes Vitamin E Vitamin K Lipoproteins |
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Fatty Acids |
Saturated = only single bonds between carbon atoms
Unsaturated = one or more double bonds between carbon atoms |
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Triglycerides
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lipids made up of a glycerol and 3 fatty acids; provide protection, insulation, and energy
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Phospholipids |
lipids made up of a glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group; important component of plasma membranes
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Proteins |
Large organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and a nitrogen functional group called amines. Proteins are formed by combining various amino acids.Proteins give structure to the body, regulate processes, provide protection, assist in muscle contraction, transport substances, and serve as enzymes
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Nucleic Acids
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Contain C, H, O (sugars), N-bases and a phosphate group
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
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Three phosphate groups attached to an adenosine group; the principal energy-storing molecule in the body
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