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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Which cell changes can be physiologic or pathologic?
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hyperplasia
hypertrophy metaplasia |
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Which cell changes are always pathologic?
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Dysplasia or neoplasia
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Inc in cell #, usually associated with inc in tissue mass
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hyperplasia
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Physiologic hyperplasia changes
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hormonal (change in breast during puberty)
compensatory (contralateral kidney) |
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Pathologic hyperplasia changes
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Endometrial hyperplasia
BPH |
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difference between normal thyroid and multinodular thyroid hyperplasia
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more blue, more fibrous appearance
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Inc in cell size
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hypertrophy
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Pathologic hypertrophy ex.
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cardiomyocytes and inc afterload
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Change of one differentiated cell type into another differentiated cell type (usually reversible)
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metaplasia
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Ex of metaplasia
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smoking and respiratory epithelium
Barrett esophagus |
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abnormal hyperplasia
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dysplasia
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atypical proliferation of cells w/ abnormal appearance or disorderly arrangement
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dysplasia
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variation in size and shape
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pleomorphism
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dark staining of nuclei
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hyperchromasia
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What are the dark lines within the epithelium that can signify dysplasia?
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mitotic figures
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abnormal growth of tissue
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neoplasia
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3 categories of neoplasia
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well differentiated
poorly differentiated anaplastic: lack of cellular differentiation |
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Key characteristic of neoplasia v. dysplasia
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autonomous
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Morbidity from benign lesions
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size, anatomic location, production of hormone or other cell products
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key differentiation between benign and malignant
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benign is unable to spread
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suffix of benign neoplasms
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-oma (osteoma, chondroma, adenoma)
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histology keys of benign neoplasms
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resembles normal counterpart
well differentiated low mitotic rate generally well circumscribed no metastasis |
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syndrome where symptoms are not due to local presence of neoplastic cells
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paraneoplastic syndrome
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when is dysplasia reversible?
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Very early
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When does dysplasia shift to carcinoma in situ?
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changes involve full thickness of epithelium
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When does carcinoma in situ shift to carcinoma?
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invade surrounding tissue (break through BM)
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Term for malignant neoplasms in mesenchyme
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sarcomas
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Term for malignant neoplasms in epithelium
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carcinoma (adenocarcinoma, SCC)
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most common solid tumor
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carcinoma
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Where are well defined cancers almost always malignant?
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Lung
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What patient population are sarcomas more common in?
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children and adolescents
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histology of malignant neoplasms (4)
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atypia
poorly circumscribed/invasive high mitotic rate metastases |
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what usually happens to promote autonomous neoplastic growth?
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A series of mutational events (except for CML)
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two purposes of dx work-up
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identify type of tumor
identify extent of disease |
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differentiation between squamous cells in PAP smear
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much greater nuclear size in dysplastic changes
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Grade v. stage
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Grade is more histologic (high grade looks more abnormal)
-well differentiated -moderately -poorly |
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Anatomic stage refers to what?
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Extent of spread
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TNM with staging?
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Tumor size (0-4)
Node involvement (0-4) Metastasis (0,+) can be 0-IV |