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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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BARRET ESOPHAGUS |
NONCILIATED MUCIN-PRODUCING COLUMNAR CELLS |
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VITAMIN A DEFICIT |
KERATINIZING SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM |
KERATOMALASIA |
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CERVICAL INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA |
Related to Human Papiloma Virus (HPV). CIN 1(<1/3) CIN 2(1/3-2/3) CIN 3(2/3<) |
DYSPLASIA |
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OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION |
OXYGEN LAST ELECTRON RECEPTOR |
Uses H+ energy to create ATP |
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BUDD-CHIARI SYNDROME |
Hepatic venous outflow tract obstruction It can be primary (thrombosis or flebitis) Secundary (cancer, parasites) |
LEADS TO ISCHEMIA |
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METHEMOGLOBINEMIA |
Tratment methylene blue which helps reduce Fe (3+) to Fe (2+) |
Oxidized Fe (3+) which cannot bind oxygen. Cause: Oxidant stress (sulfa and nitrate drug) or in newborns Cianosis with chocolate colored blood. |
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REVERSIBLE CELULAR INJURY |
-cytosol swelling>> loss of microvilli and membrane blebbing -RER swelling>> ribosome dissociation and ⬇️ proteins |
hallmark: cellular swelling |
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IRREVERSIBLE CELULAR INJURY |
-Plasma membrane damage (enzymes in serum, Ca into cell) -Mitochondrial membrane damage (loss of the electron transport chain, CYTOCROME C into cytosol) -Lysosome damage (hydrolitic enzymes into cytosol activated by Ca) |
Hallmark: membrane damage |
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NUCLEAR CONDENSATION |
PYKNOSIS |
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NUCLEAR FRAGMENTATION |
KARYORRHEXIS |
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NUCLEAR DISSOLUTION |
KARYOLYSIS |
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INTRINSIC MITOCHONDRIAL APOPTOSIS PATHWAY |
-Cellular injury, DNA damage, ⬇️hormonal stimulation>> inactivation of Bcl2 -⬇️Bcl2>> citocrome C (inner mitochondrial matrix) go to citoplasm and activate Caspases |
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EXTRINSIC RECEPTOR-LIGAND APOPTOSIS PATHWAY |
-FAS -] FAS death receptor (CD95) >>activate caspases -TNF -] TNF receptor >>caspases |
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CYTOTOXIC CD8+ T CELL-MEDIATED APOPTOSIS PATHWAY |
-Perforins (CD8+ T cells) create pores in membranes -Granzyme (CD8+ T cells) enter and activate caspases |
Killing of virally infected cells |
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ACUTE INFLAMATION |
Innate immunity |
Edema and neutrophils |
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ARACHIDONIC ACID |
1. Cyclooxygenase: Produces prostaglandins (PG) PGI2, PGD2, PGE2>>vasodilatation and ⬆️vascular permeability PGE2>>pain and fever 2. 5-Lipoxygenase: Produces leukotrienes (LT) LTB4 attracts and activate neutrophils LTC4, LTD4, LTE4>> vasoconstriction, bronchospasm, ⬆️vascular permeability |
Released from phospholipid cell membrane by phospholipase A2 Acted upon by cyclooxygenase/5-lipoxygenase |
