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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Statistics
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science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze and draw conclusions from data
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Variable
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characteristic or attribute that can assume different values
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Data Value
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each value in a data set (datum)
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Descriptive Stats
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consists of the collection, organization, summarization and presentation of data
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Population
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consists of all subjects (human or otherwise) that are being studied
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Sample
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group of subjects selected from a population
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Hypothesis Testing
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decision making process for evaluating claims about a population based on information obtained from samples
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Inferential Statistics
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generalizing from samples to populations, performing estimations and hypothesis tests, determining relationships among variables and making predictions
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Qualitative Variable
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variables that can be placed into distinct categories, according to some characteristic or attribute
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Quantitative Variable
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variables that are numerical and can be ordered or ranked
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Discrete Variable
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variables that can be counted
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Continuous Variable
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infinite number of values between any 2 specific values. Obtained by measuring, often include fractions/decimals.
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Nominal Measurement
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mutually exclusive (non-overlapping), exhausting categories in which no order or ranking can be imposed on the data (name)
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Ordinal Measurement
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categories that can be ranked; however, precise differences between the ranks do not exist (grades, ranking, judging)
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Interval Measurement
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ranks data and precise differences between units of measure do exist. no meaningful zero. (score, temperature)
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Ratio Measurement
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possesses all characteristics of interval measurement and there exists a true zero. True ratios exist when the same variable is measure on 2 different members of the population (number)
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Random Sampling
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selected by using chance methods or random numbers
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Systematic Sampling
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numbering each subject of the population 1-K and then selecting every K subject
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Stratified Sampling
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dividing the population in to groups (strata) according to some characteristic that is important to the study then sampling from each group
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Cluster Sampling
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divided into groups by some means such as geographic area or schools in a large district, then researcher randomly selects clusters
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Observational Survey
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researchers merely observe what is happening or what has happened int he past and tries to draw conclusions based on these observations
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Experimental Studies
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researcher manipulates one of the variables and tries to determine how the manipulation influences other variables
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Independent Variable
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the variable being manipulated
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Dependent Variable
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result
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Confounding Variable
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influences dependent variable but cannot be separated from independent variable
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