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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Goals whose objectives are based on winning, beating someone, etc. (the end results)
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Outcome goals
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Goals whose objectives are based on self-comparison (achieving a certain time, personal best, etc)
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Performance goals
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Study that described stress based on the principle of equilibrium in which self-regulation in of primary importance. When demand on you is greater than available resources, stress results
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Selye (1956)
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1. Environmental demand; 2. Individual's perception of the demand; 3. response (cognitive, behavioral, and physiological); 4. behavior
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Stress process
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A state of unorienteed activation that is learned through the socialization process and direct exposure to causitive situations
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Anxiety
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An acquired behavioral disposition independent of time that cuases a person to perceie a wide range of not very dangerous circumstances as threatening
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Trait anxiety
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Situation specific, subjective, consciously perceived feelings of inadequacy and tension that usually are accompanied by an increase in arousal in the autonomic nervous system
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State anxiety
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Theory that proposed that those with higher trait anxiety will have higher state anxiety as well
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Speilberger's Anxiety theory
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The degree to which one worries or has negative thoughts. Varies throughout the performance of something as subjective probability of success varies
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Cognitive anxiety
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The moment-to-moment changes in the perception of physiological arousal. Grows as event nears but dissipates as performance begins. It is high in athletes who are too amped up at the beginning of games and make mistakes
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Somatic anxiety
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Measures of stress response such as HR, respiratory rate, EMG, EEG, pupil dilation
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Physiological measures
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Self report measures that assess stress levels. They are subject to biases. Ex: SCAT, CSAI-2, STAI, etc.
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Cognitive measures
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Theory that suggests that if someone is well prepared, they will perform even better in front of a passive audience, but if they are ill prepared, they will perform even worse in front of a passive audience
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Drive theory
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Theory that looks at the relationship between pressure (stress) and performance, hypothesizing that with low stress performance will be low (due to boredom) and that with too much stress performance will also suffer. Performance will be the best when stress is at a happy medium
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Inverted-U hypothesis
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Theory with the idea that each athlete will perform at their best if their level of arousal or competitive anxiety falls within their optimum functioning zone
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Optimal Zone Theory
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Model of response to stress that analyzes both the psychological and physiological responses to anxiety, and how each interact with one another. Specifically it looks at the interaction of cognitive anxiety and physiological arousal.
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Cusp Catastrophe model
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the theory is based on the assumption that competitive anxiety is comprised of two distinct parts; a cognitive component (how worried one is), and a somatic component (physiological response to stress such as clammy hands, shortness of breath), both having dissimilar effects on performance.
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Multidimensional anxiety theory
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Theory that proposes that how arousal affects performance depends on an individual's interpretation of his or her arousal level. Arousal can be interpreted as pleasant, which fascilitates performance, or unpleasant (anxiety) which hurts performance
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Reversal theory
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Theory that proposes that thinking too much about what you're doing (using developed explicit rules) lowers performance when compared to someone who has learned something implicitly
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Reinvestment in controlled processing
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Theory that proposes that performing under stress may not change performance. Rather, what does change is the efficiency by which people perform. Performance problems may be due to people running out of tools to help them perform.
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Processing efficiency theory
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Narrowing of the visual field in response to the stress of a situation. Being in the zone can give you narrow "tunnel" vision
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Attentional narrowing
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The affect of arousal is going to depend primarily on ________ and _______
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Perception of the arousal; ability to deal effectively with it
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Method of decreasing arousal levels that induces relaxation, reduces respiratory rate, has a centering effect
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Controlled breathing
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Relaxation method where one sits comfortably with their eyes closed and mentally repeats a mantra
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Transcendental meditation
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A "thought-sound" that has no inherent meaning but has a vibratory effect within the mind. Used in meditation
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Mantra
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A form of relaxation that focuses on control of posture, breathing, and the mind
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Zen meditation
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A method of relaxation that is a self-hypnosis. It induces feelings of warmth and heaviness through mental visualizations, and is combined with deep breathing.
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Autogenic training
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Method of decreasing arousal by consistently monitoring biological responses and learning how to alter them
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Biofeedback
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Method of decreasing arousal by gradual counterconditioning using relaxation as the incompatible response, by creating an anxiety hierarchy, using imagery, and pairing relaxation with anxiety
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Systematic desensitization
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A method of progressing through the body and relaxing each part. You begin by tensing a muscle group, holding it, then releasing. It increases the awareness of contrast between tension and relaxation. You use a body scan to move towards passive relaxation
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Progressive relaxation
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Technique for increasing arousal by increasing breathing rate and making breathing more shallow
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Breathing Again
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Technique for increasing arousal that warms up the muscles and increases circulation
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Stretching and warming up
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Method of increasing arousal in which 4-10 hours before competition you preview things to come. Ex: hoops shootaround
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Precompetitive workout
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Technique of increasing arousal in which high energy music/video is used to stimulate images of power, victory, etc.
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Music and video
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Method of increasing arousal in which things such as crowd noise, opponents, teammates, etc. are used
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Drawing energy from environment
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A model of anxiety and performance that looks at how cognitive anxiety and physiological arousal play a role in performance. It is based off a mathematical model
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catastrophe model
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A method of increasing arousal that should be used when hypoarousal is caused by fatigue. You find anything to distract you from thinking about the event.
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Distraction
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A method of increasing arousal that is good to use when hypoarousal is caused by being either under or overmatched. You should set realistic and challenging performance goals.
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Goal setting
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A method of increasing arousal in which powerful images (either sport specific or unrelated)are used
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energizing imagery
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Using senses to create or recreate experiences in the mind. It is also called visualization, mental rehearsal, and mental practice.
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Imagery
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The effectiveness of imagery depends on three things: ? and ? and ?
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Imagery skill level; nature of the task (more effective if cognitive aspect to task); skill level of performer
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Imagery theory which advocates that imagery rehearsal actually duplicates the motor pattern being rehearsed. There is EMG evidence to support this theory.
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Psychoneuromuscular theory (Jacobson, 1932)
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Imagery theory that advocates that imagery rehearsal leads to performance gains due to the opportunity to practice the symbolic aspects of the task
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Symbolic learning theory (Bandura, 1969)
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Imagery theory that advocates that imagery establishes a level of arousal or physiological activation level that is optimal for the performance
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Arousal/Activation Theory (Schmidt 1982)
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Imagery theory that advocates that imagery works because it improves concentration, reduces anxiety, and enhances confidence
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Psychological skills hypothesis
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Type of imagery in which you imagine performing the skill as if viewing the performance through your own eyes and see what is normally seen when performing
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Internal imagery
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Imagery type in which you imagine seeing performance of the skill from an outside point of view. You watch yourself or someone else doing it.
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External imagery
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A thought process such as "I do not need to be angry at this person as they are doing the best they can with the resources available" to eliminate incorrect or faulty responses to something
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Coping script
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A way of thinking that will strengthen correct responses to something
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Mastery script
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Using imagery helps with _______ by increasing the speed of which it happens, decreasing overtraining, doing it while injured and in new environments
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Skill acquisition
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A feeling, a belief, or a knowing that the task at hand can be successfully performed. It is arguably the most important single factor that will determine performance.
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Self-confidence
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Study that investigated the relationship between expectations and
competitive performance in an arm wrestling task. Subjects were each paired with someone they thought clearly stronger in arm strength and then instructed to arm wrestle. Ten out of twelve contests, the objectively weaker subject, whom both subjects believed was stronger, won the competition. It is evident that the most important factor was competitors who expected to win rather than the actual physical strength. |
Nelson & Furst 1972
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Study that examined the effects of beliefs on performance of bench pressing. They found that those who were told they were lifting less than they really were did the best.
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Ness & Patton (1979)
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Study in which 13 gymnasts involved in the final trial for the 1976 United States Olympic team were questioned and administered for 48 hours before the trial competition. In comparing the data of those who qualified with those who did not qualify for the team, the questionnaire data showed that the qualifiers tended to be more self-confident.
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Mahoney & Avener (1977)
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Study that found that coaches form expectations and these expectations influence their behavior as well as athlete's performances, which in turn confirm the coach's expectations. Study was originally done with students and teachers. Found expectations can become a self fulfilling prophecy.
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Horn 1986
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The perception of one's ability to perform a task successfully. It is a situation-specific form of self-confidence
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Self-efficacy
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Theory by Bandura that suggests the perception of one's ability to perform a task successfully shapes the extent to which and how well people perform. Requisite skills are important.
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Self-efficacy theory
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Source of efficacy that is the most dependable source of someone's future success
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Performance accomplishments
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Source of efficacy that involves vicarious experiences and seeing others being successful and knowing you can do what they do/ have done
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Modeling
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The state anxiety level that best suits someone to perform well. Someone who needs to be very aroused to perform well will have a high ___ whereas someone who does not need to be aroused much to perform well will have a low this.
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Zone of Optimal Functioning
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