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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Visible features of the spinal cord include: |
1. Posterior median sulcus 2. Anterior median fissure - deep crease 3. Enlargements 4. Conus medullaris 5. Filum terminale 6. Cauda equina |
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this is a shallow longitudinal groove on the dorsal surface |
posterior median sulcus |
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this is a DEEP CREASE on the ventral surface |
anterior median fissure |
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along the length of the spinal cord the regions devoted to processing information associated with the limbs are enlarged |
enlargements |
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The enlargements include: |
cervical enlargement (C5 - T1) lumbosacral (lumbar) enlargement (L2 - S3) |
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this enlargement supplies nerves to the upper limb and pectoral girdle. |
cervical enlargement ( C5- T1 ) |
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this enlargement supplies nerves to the lower limbs and pelvic girdle. |
lumbosacral (lumbar) enlargement |
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this feature is the conical end of the spinal cord |
conus medullaris |
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this feature is a slender thread of fibrous pia mater that extends from the tip of the spinal cord and anchors it longitudinally |
Filum terminale |
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This feature is where the spinal cord stops growing before the vertebral column. As a result the dorsal and ventral roots continue to grow as their exit points move further away. This collection of roots within the vertebral column at this point form the" |
cauda equina |
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How many spinal cord segments are there? |
31 |
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how many cervical segments? |
8 |
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how many thoracic segments? |
12 |
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how many lumbar segments? |
5 |
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how many sacral segments? |
5 |
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how many coccygeal segments |
1 |
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Each segment is associated with the pair of __________ that arise from it. |
spinal nerves |
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the spinal nerves result from the fusion of ______ and _________ roots. |
dorsal, ventral |
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How do the dorsal and ventral roots exit the vertebral column? |
through the intervertebral foramina |
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What can be found at the exit point of dorsal and ventral roots? |
dorsal root ganglion |
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The dorsal root ganglion consists of what? |
cell bodies and sensory neurons |
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What does the ventral root contain? |
motor neurons |
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These are specialized membrane that provide protection, physical stability and shock absorption within the bony vertebral canal. |
Spinal Meninges |
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What are the 3 meningeal layers? |
1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Pia mater |
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this is the outer layer with consists of dense irregular CT. |
Dura mater |
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between the dura mater and the inner wall of the vertebral canal there is an ___________ |
epidural space |
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The epidural space contains what 3 things? |
1. areolar CT 2. adipose tissue 3. blood vessels |
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Explain who the dura mater is attached: |
it is attached cranially to the periosteum at the margin of the foramen magnum and tapers distally. |
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when the attachment of the dura mater tapers distally what does it form? |
the coccygeal ligament that attaches to the periosteum of the sacrum and coccyx. |
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this is the middle meningeal layer |
Arachnoid mater (spider mother) |
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what type of epithelial cells does the Arachnoid mater have? |
simple squamous epithelium that attaches directly to the inside of the dura mater. |
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What is the Arachnoid mater separated by? |
subarachnoid space |
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what does the subarachnoid space contain? |
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the pia mater. |
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The space between the arachnoid and pia mater is also spanned by collagen and elastic fibers that form bundles of fibers called? |
arachnoid trabeculae |
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This is the innermost meningeal layer |
Pia mater |
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what does the Pia mater consist of? |
collagen and elastic fibers that adhere closely the contours of the nervous tissue. |
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lateral extensions of the pia mater and arachnoid mater between the dorsal and ventral roots attach to the dura mater and are called? |
denticulate ligaments |
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What do the denticulate ligaments do? |
prevent side to side and inferior movement of the spinal cord |
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this feature of the spinal cord is deep within the spinal cord in the shape of an "H" |
Gray matter |
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Gray matter has: |
1. posterior gray horns 2. anterior gray horns 3. lateral gray horn 4. gray commissures |
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what type of nuclei do the posterior gray horns contain? |
somatic and visceral sensory nuclei |
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what type of cell bodies do the anterior gray horns contain? |
cell bodies of somatic motor neurons |
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whats type of neurons do the lateral gray horns contain? |
visceral motor neurons |
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what do the gray commissures contain? |
they form the cross bar of the H and contain axons crossing over from one side to the other. |
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_____________ is superficial with respect to gray matter and is divided into regions by the posterior and anterior gray horns. |
White matter |
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What are the major regions of white matter? |
1. posterior while columns 2. anterior white columns 3. lateral white columns |
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Within the columns, collections of axons performing a similar function forms a ________. |
tract |
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tracts that cary sensory information to the brain are ____________ tracts. |
ascending |
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Tracts that carry motor information to the spinal cord are ______________ tracts. |
descending |
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What are the 3 layers of CT found in peripheral nerves? |
1. Epineurium 2.Perineurium 3. Endoneurium |
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this is the outermost layer of CT that is continuous with the dura mater. It also includes the CT in between any fascicles (bundles) within the nerve |
Epineurium |
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this is the CT sheath that surrounds a fascicle of axons. |
Perineurium |
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this is the delicate CT fibers that surround individual axons |
Endoneurium |
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After the ________ and ________ roots of the spinal segment fuses the spinal nerve divides into several branches |
dorsal, ventral |
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this is the branch that innovates the skin and muscles of the neck and back. |
Dorsal ramus |
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this is the larger branch that innervates the ventrolateral body surface and the limbs |
Ventral ramus |
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the thoracic and first lumbar spinal nerves have this branching its associated with the autonomic nervous system. |
Rami communicantes |
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the sensory fibers of each spinal segment collect information about a specific regions of the body surface called a _____________. |
dermatome |
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Loss of sensation in a dermatome can be used to diagnose ______ or ___________ damage. |
nerve, spinal cord |
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The fibers of neighboring ventral rami fuse and divide to form interwoven networks of nerves called _______________. |
nerve plexuses. |
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What are the 4 nerve plexuses |
1. Cervical Plexus 2. Brachial Plexus 3. Lumbar Plexus 4. Sacral Plexus |
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this plexus forms from the ventral rami of spinal nerves C1 - C4 and some fibers from C5. |
Cervical Plexus |
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this nerves innervates the diaphragm and arises from the cervical plexus . |
Phrenic nerve |
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this is a large and complex plexus that innervates the pectoral girdle and upper limb with contributions from the ventral rami of C5 to T1. |
Brachial Plexus |
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The nerves that arise from the brachial plexus include: |
1. Axillary nerves 2. musculocutaneous nerves 3. median nerves 4. ulnar nerves 5. radial nerves |
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this plexus is formed by the neutral rami of T12 - L 4 |
Lumbar Plexus |
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the _____________ is a major nerve that arises from the Lumbar plexus |
femoral nerve |
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this plexus contains fibers from the ventral rami of L4- S4 |
Sacral Plexus |
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the ____________ is a major nerve of the Sacral plexus |
Sciatic nerve |
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the pathway that impulses follows to produce an immediate response is called the ______________. |
reflex arc |
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What is the first step the reflex arc can be divided into ? |
Activation of a receptor by a stimulus. |
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What is the second step of the reflex arc? |
info is carried to the CNS in the form of an impulse that travels along a sensory (afferent) fiber |
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what is step 3 of the reflex arc? |
the info is processed within the CNS by interneurons
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what is step 4 of the reflex arc? |
the motor neurons are stimulated to conduct an impulse along an efferent fiver to the periphery |
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what is step 5 of the reflex arc |
the impulse arrives at an effector organ that produces the response. |
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the _____________ is a simple monosynaptic reflex which enables a muscle to automatically adjust tone in response to stretching. |
stretch reflex |
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What is the most familiar stretch reflex? |
the patellar (knee-jerk) reflex |
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thesis reflects involve interneurons and can be very complicated depending on the number of interneurons. |
Polysynaptic refelxes |
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the ______________ from a painful stimulus is an example of a polysynaptic reflex. |
withdrawal reflex |
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which division of the nervous system coordinates vital function associated with cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory and reproductive functions that are out of our voluntary control? |
Autonomic Nervous System |
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Within the autonomic nervous system, 2 neurons, connected in series, sends out the motor command. The first neuron is _______________ and has its cell body within the CNS. |
preganglionic |
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after the first neuron, preganglionic neuron receives the motor command, the second neuron in the chain is ______________ and has its cell bodies OUTSIDE of the central nervous system in a ganglion. |
postganglionic |
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What are the subdivisions of the ANS? |
1. Sympathetic Division 2. Parasympathetic Division |
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This subdivision of the ANS is called the "fight or flight" division and prepares the body for exertion, or stress by increasing tissue metabolism. |
Sympathetic Division |
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this subdivision of the ANS is called the "rest and repose" system and promotes activities that conserves or increases energy such as digestion |
Parasympathetic Division |
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The sympathetic division is also called the __________________ because its preganglionic neurons are located in the spinal cord segments T1 to L2 in the lateral gray horns. |
thoracolumbar division |
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Which ganglia are associated with the Sympathetic division? |
1. Sympathetic chain ganglia 2. Collateral ganglia 3. Adrenal medulla |
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these ganglia lie lateral to the vertebral column and control effectors in the body wall, head and neck, limbs, and inside the thoracic cavity |
Sympathetic chain ganglia |
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these ganglia lie anterior to the vertebral column and innervate effectors in the abdominal pelvic cavity. |
Collateral ganglia |
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the core of the adrenal gland represents a modified sympathetic ganglion; making it "like" a postganglionic neuron which releases the functional hormone to all the relative effector organs ** |
Adrenal medulla |
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This division is also called the craniosacral division |
Parasympathetic Division |
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Which division of the Autonomic Nervous system is associated with cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X? |
Parasympathetic Division
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In regards to the parasympathetic division, where are the ganglionic neurons in the peripheral ganglion located? |
very close to or within the target organs. |
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the neurons within this division sometimes must travel a distance; even enter the walls of the effects organs. |
Parasympathetic |