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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Public Speaking
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a form of communication in which a speaker addresses a reactively large audience with a relatively continuous discourse, usually in a face-to-face situation.
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What are some examples of public speaking?
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a student delivering a report to a political science class a teacher lecturing, a minister preaching
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Public speaking will develop and refine your general communication abilities by helping you what?
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- explain complex concepts clearly
- organize a variety of messages for clarity and persuasiveness - develop logical, emotional, and ethical appeals to support an argument -communicate credibility - improve your listening and delivery skills |
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What are 10 suggestions that will help reduce public speaking apprehension?
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1. gain experience
2. Think positively (visualize success; dismiss thoughts of failure) 3. be realistic in your expectations (view your goal as going a speech that represents the best you can do) 4. see public speaking as conversation 5. focus on your audience (the more your focused on them the less your focused on you) 6. stress similarity (the more you are similar to a group the less stressed you become) 7. project confidence 8. prepare and practice thoroughly 9. move about and bathe deeply 10. avoid chemicals as tension relievers |
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What are the 10 essential steps for preparing an effective public speech?
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1. select your topic and purpose
2 analyze your audience 3. research your topic 4. formulate your thesis and identify your main points 5. support your main points 6. organize your information 7. word your speech (and title your speech) 8. construct your conclusion and introduction 9. rehearse your speech 10. deliver your speech |
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What should one take into consideration when selecting a topic?
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- something interesting to the audience.
- something they know little about - stay away from topics that tend to cause conflict - avoid criticizing a deeply held belief - if you are going to address an audience with members from cultures other than your won, find out what the taboo topics are and avoid them |
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What is a good way to find a topic/
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- look in public speaking textbooks for topic lists
- best-selling nonfiction books printed in most newspaper book reviews or found in well-stocked bookstores - visit online bookstores and search the lists of their most popular books. |
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What is an excellent way to determine what is worthwhile to your audience?
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to look at some of the national and regional pols concerning what issues people feel are most significant
- newspapers: you will find the important international, domestic, financial, and social issues all conveniently covered in one place. |
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what are the two major kinds of public speeches?
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informative and persuasive
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informative speech
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creates understanding; it clarifies, enlightens, corrects misunderstandings, demonstrates how something works
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persuasive speech
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influences attitudes or behaviors. it may strengthen existing attitudes or change the audience's beliefs
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specific purpose
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identifies the information you want to communicate (in an informative speech) or behavior you want to change (in a persuasive speech)
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four of the most important sociology factors to explore and analyze
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- cultural factors
- age - gender - religion and religiousness |
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what three questions should you focus your psychological analysis of the audience
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- how willing is your audience?
- how knowledgable is your audience? - how favorable is your audience? |
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What should you take into consideration if you audience is listening unwilling?
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- secure their attention as early in your speech as possible
- relate your topic and supporting materials directly to your audience's needs and wants (show them how what you are saying will help them achieve what they want) - show the audience why they should listen to your speech by connecting your purpose to their purposes, their motives - involve the audience directly into your speech by showing them that you understand their perspective, asking rhetorical questions, and referring to their experiences and interests - focus on a few very strong issues or even a single strong issue |
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what are somethings you should do if you have an audience you know nothing about?
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- focus on listeners as message senders
- Ask "what if" questions - address audience responses directly |
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what are some general research principles?
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- examine what you already known
- get an authoritative but general overview of the topic (encyclopedia article, book chapter, or magazine article) - follow up with more detailed and specialized sources - distinguish between primary and secondary sources as you research |
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primary source
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original information about a topic or event. An original research study in an academic journal, a corporation's annual report.
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Secondary source
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relate or discuss information originally presented somewhere else
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thesis
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the main idea that you want to convey to the audience.
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thesis and purpose of a speech are similar in that what?
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they both guide the audience you in selecting and organizing your materials
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how are some ways thesis and purpose are different?
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- thesis and purpose differ in their form of expression. the thesis is phrased as a complete, declarative sentence. the purpose if phrased as an infinitive phrase (to inform..., to persuade. . . )
- the thesis focuses on the message; the purpose focuses on the audience. the thesis identifies the central idea of your speech. the purpose identifies the change you hope to bring in your audience |
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time pattern
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organize your topic on the basis of a time, or temporal, relationship. You generally divide the speech into two, three, or four major parts. you either start with the past and work to present or future or vice versa.
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spatial pattern
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organizing the main points of a speech on the basis of space. discussions of most physical objects fit well into spatial patterns. For example, a presentation on the structure of a hospital or school.
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Topical pattern
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divides the speech topic into subtopics or component parts.
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problem-solution pattern
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divides the main ideas into two main parts: problems and solutions.
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cause-effect/effect-cause pattern
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using this pattern you divide the speech into two major sections - causes and effects.
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motivated sequence
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a pattern in which you arrange information to motivate your audience to respond positively to your purpose.
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what are the five steps of motivated sequence?
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- attention
- need - satisfaction - visualization - action |
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Motivated sequence: Attention
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make the audience give you their undivided attention. you can gain attention by asking a rhetorical question, referring to specific audience members, or using a dramatic or humorous sort.
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Motivated sequence: Need
and how can you establish need? |
the audience should feel that they need to learn or do something
- stating the need or problem - illustrating the need with specific examples - pointing to how this need affects your specific listeners |
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Motivated sequence: Satisfaction
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you present the solution that satisfies the need you demonstrated in step 2
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Motivated sequences: Visualization
How can you accomplish it? |
intensifies the audiences feelings or beliefs
- demonstrating the positive benefits to be derived if this advocated proposal were put into operation - demonstrating the negative consequences that will occur if your plan is not followed |
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Motivated sequences: action
How to accomplish it? |
you tell the audience what they should do to satisfy the need you have identified
- state exactly what audience members should do - appeal to your listeners' emotions give the audience guidelines for future action |
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what are somethings needed for wording your speech
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- clarity
- vividness - appropriateness - personal style - power - sentence construction |
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Idiom
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expressions that are unique to a specific language and whose meaning cannot be deduced from the individual words used.
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what are some guidelines to help you make your speech clear?
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- be economical (don't waste words) Ex: i myself personally or at 9 a.m. in the morning
- use specific terms and numbers (don't just say dog, say basset hound) - use guide phrases (first, second, my next argument) - use short, familiar terms - carefully assess idioms |
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how can you make your words more vivid?
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- use active verbs
- use figures of speech - use imagery |