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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
intraspecific |
among individuals of same species |
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interspecific |
among individuals of diff species |
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competition |
use or defense of a resource by an individual that decreases resource availability to others |
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what is a resource, examples |
anything consumed by an organism and supports increased pop growth rates ex: food, water, nutrients, space |
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competition usually over _____ factor |
limiting |
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competitive exclusion principle |
2 species often cannot coexist indefinitely on the same limiting resource |
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types of consumer-resource interactions |
predation, herbivory, parasitism, disease |
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does parasitism kill its prey? |
usually no |
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mutualism |
both organisms positively affected |
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commensalism |
one benefits, the other is neutral |
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ammensalism |
one does not benefit, other is neutral |
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trophic levels |
groups of species that obtain energy in similar ways |
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food web |
describes feeding relationships w/in community |
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trophic cascade |
rate of consumption at one level results in change in species abundance at another trophic level |
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each species occupies a _______ |
niche |
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resource partitioning |
different ways of using a resource |
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resource partitioning and coexistence? |
if differences in resource use are large enough, competing species may coexist |
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evolutionary arms race |
prey continually evolve better defenses, predators continually evolve better offenses |
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_______ interactions can drive evolution |
consumer-resource |
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cost of behavioral defense |
reduce feeding activity, increase crowding in areas away from predators |
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cost of chemical and mechanical defenses |
energetically expensive to produce |
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how can presence of predators INDIRECTLY reduce prey pop size? |
cost of induced defenses reduce prey growth and reproduction |
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community |
two or more different species interacting together in specific area |
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realized vs fundamental niche |
fundamental is "potential" niche without competition realized is actual |
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closed community |
close association btw species regulates distribution of whole community |
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open community |
species distribute independently of one another, regulated by environmental conditions |
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open communities are regulated by _____ |
environmental conditions |
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interdependent vs independent communities |
inter = species boundaries consistent across species w/in community indep = boundary of each species NOT dependent on boundaries of other species |
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closed community implies the idea that species are found together in a community because _____________ |
they depend on each other |
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open community implies the idea that species are found together in a community because ______________ |
they have similar habitat needs |
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what did Clements believe |
closed community- species live together because they depend on each other |
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what did Gleason believe |
open community- species live together because they have similar habitat needs |
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Clements vs Gleason conclusion, who is right? |
independent/Gleason distribution in MOST communities dependent/Clements distribution in communities with HARSH environmental conditions |
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species richness |
# species in a community |
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relative abundance |
& each species contributes to total of all species |
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species evenness |
measure of how numerically equal the species are in a community |
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species diversity |
number of species (richness) and evenness of species (abundance) |
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theory of island biogeography |
offshore islands gain species from colonization originating from islands/mainland rate of colonization decreases as island fills up extinction rate increases as new species come species richness stops changing when colonization = extinction (equilibrium) |
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rate of colonization increase/decrease as island fills up |
decrease |
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extinction rate increase/decrease as new species come |
increase |
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when does species richness stop changing |
colonization = extinction (equilibrium) |
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recolonization fastest on ______ islands |
closer |
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succession |
changes in community structure initiated by disturbance |
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climax community |
ultimate association of species |
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primary succession |
establishment and development of communities in habitats previously LACKING plants and soil |
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pioneer species |
first species to arrive at a site |
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secondary succession |
regeneration of plant communities following a disturbance |
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examples of disturbances |
fire, windstorm, animal burrows, tree falls |
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climax community corresponds to ______ vegetation type |
biome |
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______ is ultimate determinant of endpoint community type |
climate |
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ecological transition |
original community replaced by different type of community following disturbance |