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134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the function of the pinna? |
Directs sound waves into the ear |
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What is the external ear canal called? |
External auditory meatus |
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Where does the external auditory meatus end? |
At the tympanic membrane - ear drum |
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What is the role of the tympanic membrane? |
Boundary between the external and middle ear |
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What do the auditory ossicles do? |
Transmit sounds from air to the cochlea |
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What is the inner ear made up of? |
Vestibular, cochleae and semicircular canals |
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What is the role of the Eustachian tube |
Connects the tympatic cavity of nasopharynx |
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What is the inner most part of the ear? |
Labyrinth |
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What is the labyrinth filled with? |
Perilymph fills bony labyrinth Endolymph fills membranous labyrinth |
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What do round and oval windows do? |
Connect middle ear to labyrinth |
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What is the role of the cochlea |
Detects sound. Connected to cranial nerve 8 |
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What is the tapetum? |
Reflects light back to photoreceptor cells in retina |
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What is the sclera? |
Sides and back of eyeball (white section) |
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What is the extrinsic muscle? |
Keeps the eyes in shape and protects the content |
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What is the uvea? |
Pigmented layer inside the sclera |
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What is the retinus? |
Contains photoreceptors |
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What is the lens held in position by? |
Sensory ligament |
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What do the extrinsic muscles do? |
Allow the eyeballs to move together |
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What is the hardrian gland? |
Contributes to tear production |
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What are the two main components of the globe? |
Aqueous and vitreous |
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What is the forinx? |
Where conjunctiva folds back onto itself |
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What does the globe shaped structure of the eye consist of? |
Sclera Uvea Retina |
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What does the tapetum lucidum do? |
Reflects light back to photoreceptor cells of the retina - improves night vision |
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What is the choroid? |
Contains blood vessels supplying internal structures of the eyeball - prevents light rays escaping |
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What is the retina? |
Innermost layer of the eye - light is focused on the photo receptor cells and information is transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve |
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What are the two chambers the iris divides into? |
Anterior chamber - lies between iris and cornea Posterior chamber - lies between iris and lens and contains aqueous humour |
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What are the layers of the retina? |
Pigmented layer - prevents light leaking Photoreceptor cells - Rods and cones 95% rods and 5% cones |
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What are the layers of the retina? |
Pigmented layer - prevents light leaking Photoreceptor cells - Rods and cones 95% rods and 5% cones |
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What do cones do? |
Provide colour vision - sensitive to bright light |
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What are the layers of the retina? |
Pigmented layer - prevents light leaking Photoreceptor cells - Rods and cones 95% rods and 5% cones |
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What do cones do? |
Provide colour vision - sensitive to bright light |
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What do rods do? |
Sensitive to low light levels - provide black, white and night vision |
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What is the uvea made up of? |
Choroid Tapetum lucidum Ciliary body Suspensory ligament Iris |
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What are the two type of the iris? |
Anterior and posterior chamber |
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What do the aqueous and vitreous humour do? |
Provide nutrients to the structures within the eye and maintain its shape |
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What are the two types of photoreceptors? |
Rods and cones |
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Two functions of lacrimal fluid? |
Lubrication and to fight bacteria within the eye |
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What is the condition called where poor lacrimal drainage results in overflow of tears onto the face |
Epiphora |
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What is the condition where eyelids are inverted? |
Entropion |
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Where are meibomian glands situated? What is their function? |
Tarsal plate of upper and lower eyelids To synthesis and secrete lipids and proteins that constitute the upper layer of the tear film |
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What is the eye surrounded by? |
Adipose fat |
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What are the three layers the eyeball consists of? |
Sclera - fibrous outer layer Uvea - middle later Retina - inner layer made up of photoreceptor cells |
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What are the three parts of the eye? |
Eyeball Extrinsic muscles Eyelids |
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What does the sclera do? |
Provides strength and shape to the eye - consists of fibrous connective tissue |
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What is the cornea? |
Transparent window which allows light to enter the eye Supplied with pain receptors Comprised of collagen fibres - no blood vessels present |
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What is the uvea made up of? |
Choroid, iris and ciliary body |
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What is the reflective layer of the rear eye called? |
Tapetum lucidium Amplifies light in poor conditions |
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What does the iris do? |
Coloured part of the eye - a pigmented muscular diaphragm which controls the amount of light entering the posterior part of the eye Autonomic nervous system controls this |
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What is the ciliary body? |
Ring shaped structure located behind the iris which adjusts the shape of the lens allowing near and far vision Attached to the lens by suspensory ligaments |
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What is the retina? |
Sensitive part of the inner layer - has sensory receptors (rods and cones) to allow an image to form. Image is sent to the brain via the optic nerve to be interpreted |
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What are the two fluid filled compartments in the eye called? |
Posterior and anterior chambers |
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What is the anterior chamber? |
Situated in front of the lens and posterior chamber. Contains the aqueous humour which is a source of nutrients for the lens and cornea which do not have a blood supply. |
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What is the vitreous humour? |
Maintains the main shape of the eye - gelatinous and clear providing a non-refractive optical medium supporting the lens and retina |
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What are the supportive structures of the eye called? What are they? |
Adnexa. Ocular muscles Lacrimal apparatus Eyelids Conjunctiva |
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What does the lacrimal apparatus do? |
Produces and secretes tears and drains them away from the eye Tears moisten and protect the surface of the eye |
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How is an image formed? |
Light passes through the cornea to lens which refracts light rays to focus on the retina Photo receptive cells of the retina produce an upside down image. Rods produce a coarse image Cones fine tune the image |
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What does the auditory system consist of? |
Inner, middle and outer ear |
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What does the vestibular system consist of? |
Utricle, saccule and semicircular canals |
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What does the external ear do? |
Acts as a funnel |
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What does the middle ear do? |
Transmits and amplifies sound |
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What does the inner ear do? |
Converts sound and has sensory receptors responsible for balance |
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What does the external ear consist of? |
Pinna, external auditory canal and tympanic membrane |
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What are the three bones which make up the auditory ossicles? What are they linked by? |
Malleus, incus and stapes Linked by synovial joints |
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What transmit information from rods and cones? |
Bipolar neurons |
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What are the inner surfaces of the eyelids supplied with? |
Meibomian glands |
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Where does the round window lie between the ear? |
Between cochlear and tympanic cavity |
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Where does the oval window lie within the ear? |
Between the bony vestibule and dorsal tympanic cavity |
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What is the function of the pinna? |
To guide sound waves picked up from the external environment and act as a means of facial expression |
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Where is the organ of corti? What does it do? |
Within the membranous cochlea - detects sound |
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What is the labyrinth connected to the middle ear by? |
Oval and round window |
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What make up the membranous vestibule? What does it do? |
Utricle and saccule Maintains the animals balance |
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What is the membranous cochlea and membranous vestibule filled with? |
Endolymph |
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What is the function of the auditory ossicles? |
To transmit sound waves across middle ear to inner ear |
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What is the presence of an extra row of eyelashes growing along the edge of the eyelids called? |
Distichiasis |
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Where is endolymph found? |
Cochlear of the ear |
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What is the junction between the sclera and cornea called? |
Limbus |
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What is the function of the secretion of the meibomian glands? |
Secrete meibum responsible for the formation of the tears films outer layer |
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State two functions of the inner ear |
Balance and hearing |
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How is sound transmitted? |
Cochlea is filled with fluid allowing sound to stimulate nerve endings. These impulses are transmitted via the vestibulocochlear nerve to the brain transmitting them as sound. |
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What is the round window of the ear responsible for? |
Hearing (cochlear window) |
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What is the oval window responsible for? |
Balance (vestibular window) |
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What are the auditory ossicles of the ear? |
Malleus, incus and stapes |
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What does the tympanic bulla do? |
Improves hearing ability |
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What does the Eustachian tube do? |
Connects middle ear to nasopharynx - equalises pressure within the ear |
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What allow the animal to maintain its balance? |
Semi-circular ducts (canals) |
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What does the tympanic membrane do? |
Transmits sound vibrations to the inner ear |
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What make up the outer ear? |
Pinna and external auditory meatus |
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What make up the middle ear? |
Tympanic membrane (ear drum), auditory ossicles and Eustachian tube |
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What do auditory ossicles do? |
Transmit vibrations from tympanic membrane to middle ear |
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What do auditory ossicles do? |
Transmit vibrations from tympanic membrane to middle ear |
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What does the Eustachian tube do? |
Equalises ear pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere |
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What does the tympanic membrane do? |
Transmits sound vibrations to middle ear |
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What are the 3 auditory ossicles? |
Hammer, stapes and incus |
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How is sound transmitted? |
Sound waves enter the outer ear, external auditory canal and vibrates the malleus. As the malleus vibrates, sound transmits to the incus and stapes. Stapes moving pushes the oval window in and out transmitting sound to the cochlear containing tiny hairs which transmit fluid to the brain. Stapes rocking back and forth against the oval window transmit pressure of sound waves through the cochlear fluid. This sends the organ of corti into motion. |
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What is the nictating membrane? |
A translucent membrane that forms an inner eyelid in birds, reptiles and mammals. It can be drawn across the eye to protect it from dust and keep it moist |
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What are supportive structures of the eye called? |
Adnexa -occular muscles -eyelids -lacrimal apparatus -conjunctiva - lining interior surfaces of eyelids |
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What are the eyelids also known as? |
Palpebrae |
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What does the retina contain? |
Rods and cones to allow a visual image to be formed |
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What does the aqueous humour do? |
Provides nutrients to the lens and cornea which do not have a blood supply |
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What are the two fluid filled compartments of the eye? |
Posterior and anterior chambers |
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What is the uvea made up of? |
Choroid, iris and ciliary body |
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What is the role of the choroid? |
Provides blood supply to the retina |
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What does the ciliary body do? |
Adjusts the shape of the lens to allow near and far vision |
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What is the main shape of the eye maintained by? |
Vitreous humour - gelatinous and clear supporting the lens and retina |
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Where do receptor cells lie? |
Within the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity and send impulses to the olfactory bulb |
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Where is the Jacob sons organ located? |
Mouth |
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What does gustation mean? |
Taste |
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What does gustation mean? |
Taste |
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Where are taste buds found? |
Within the epithelium of the tongue, soft palate, pharynx and epiglottis |
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What happens once taste cells are stimulated? |
Messages are sent to the brain via the glossopharyngeal, facial, vagus cranial nerves where it is interpreted by the temporal lobe along with the corresponding smell |
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What are the four sensations of taste? |
Sour, sweet, bitter and salt |
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What is the vomeronasal response? |
The animal facilitates the vomeronasal organ to a scent or pheromone by opening the mouth and curling the lip during inhalation. Also known as the flehmen response |
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What does the vestibular (balance) system consist of? |
Utricle, saccule and semicircular canals |
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What determines the shape of the pinna? |
Elastic cartilage |
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What is the middle ear? |
An air filled cavity within the temporal bone |
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What is the role of the auditory ossicles? |
Link the tympanic membrane with the cochlea to act as a system of levers to transmit sound vibrations from ear drum to cochlea (hearing receptors) |
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What does the oval window seperate? |
Inner and middle ear and attaches to stapes |
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What does the round window do? |
Acts as a pressure mechanism |
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What is the bony labyrinth divided into? |
Vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea |
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What do the semicircular canals do? |
Rotary movement of the head |
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What is the cochlea ? |
Snail shaped cavity containing the organ of corti. Contains receptors of hearing |
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What is the organ of corti? |
A hearing receptor. Differentiates high and low pitched sounds |
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What does the vestibular system consist of ? (Balance) |
Semicircular canals, utricle and saccule |
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What is the inner ear connected to the middle ear by? |
Oval and round window |
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What does the inner ear contain? |
Perilymph |
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What connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear? |
Eustachian tube |
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What are the three auditory ossicles? |
Malleus, stapes and incus |
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What are the three auditory ossicles? |
Malleus, stapes and incus |
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What are the field of vision? |
Binocular and monocular |
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What are the three auditory ossicles? |
Malleus, stapes and incus |
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What are the field of vision? |
Binocular and monocular |
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What is the binocular vision? |
Mainly in cats and dogs (normal vision) - able to see straight ahead to perceive a three dimensional image |
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What do the utricle and saccule do? |
Maintains balance when standing still |
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What do the semicircular canals do? |
Control balance during movement |
