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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge, including basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values
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education
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formal instruction under the direction of specialty trained teachers
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schooling
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assigning students to different types of educational programs
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tracking
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a lack of the reading and writing skills needed for everyday living
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functional illiteracy
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the social institution that focuses on fighting disease and improving health
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medicine
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a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
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health
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the study of how health and disease are distributed throughout a society's population
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social epidemiology
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an intense form of dieting or other unhealthy method of weight control driven by the desire to be very thin
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eating disorder
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assisting in the death of a person suffering from and incurable disease; also known as mercy killing
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euthanasia
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an approach to health care that emphasizes the prevention of illness and takes into account a person's entire physical and social environment
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holistic medicine
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a medical care system in which the government owns and operates most medical facilities and employs most physicians
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socialized medicine
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a medical care system in which patients pay directly for the services of physicians and hospitals
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direct-fee system
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an organization that provides comprehensive medical care to subscribers for a fixed fee
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health maintenance organization (hmo)
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patterns of behavior defined as appropriate for people who are ill
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sick role
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what are the functions of schooling in the structural functional analysis?
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• Socialization
• Cultural innovation • Social integration • Social placement • Latent functions |
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Symbolic Interaction Analysis: Schooling and social interaction
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• The self-fulfilling prophecy
• Labeling • Thomas Theorum |
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Conflict Analysis: Schooling and social inequality
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• Social control
• Standardized testing • Tracking • Public v Private Education • Access to higher education • Prestige and Personal Merit |
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problems in the schools
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• Discipline and violence
• Student passivity o Bureaucracy: Student passivity is promoted in five ways in large, bureaucratic school systems: • Rigid uniformity • Numerical ratings • Rigid expectations • Specialization • Little individual responsibility ➢ Functional Illiteracy ➢ Grade Inflation |
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recent issues in U.S. education
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• School choice movement(Magnet schools, Schooling for Profit, and Charter schools)
• Home schooling • Schooling people with disabilities • Adult education-growing portion of students in us, most older learners are women • The teacher shortage-more than 300,000 vacancies exist |
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health and society
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• Cultural patterns define health
• Cultural standards of health change over time • A society’s technology affects people’s health • Social inequality affects people’s health |
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industrialization and human health
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• With industrialization, infectious diseases become less of a threat
• Most people in industrialized societies live until old age, however, more and more older individuals in industrialized societies are now developing long-lasting, life-threatening chronic illnesses (such as heart disease and cancer) • With industrialization, standards of living go up, the institution of medicine expands, life-expectancy goes up, and infant-mortality rates go down |
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health in low-income countries
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-poor nations suffer from inadequate sanitation, hunger, and other problems linked to poverty
-life expectancy in low-income nations is about 25 years less than in the u.s. |
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health in high-income countries
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industrialization has helped improve living standards
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health in the united states
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• Social epidemiology: the study of how health and disease are distributed throughout a society’s population
• Eating disorders • Obesity • Sexually transmitted disease • Ethical issues |
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The Medical Establishment: Medicine emerges as a social institution only as societies become more productive and people take on specialized work
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• The Rise of Scientific Medicine: The AMA founded in 1847, symbolized the growing acceptance of a scientific model of medicine
• Recently, the scientific model of medicine has been tempered by the introduction of holistic medicine • Holistic Medicine: approach to health care that emphasizes prevention of illness and takes into account a person’s entire physical and social environment |
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Three Foundations to Holistic Health Care
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o Treat patients as people
o Encourage responsibility, not dependency o Provide personal treatment |
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Various Strategies across different countries with regard to paying for medical care
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• Globally: Government controlled health-care, socialized medicine, dual systems, single-payer, or some combination
• The United States: A direct-fee system whereby patients are responsible for paying directly for the services of physicians and hospitals • Medical Bills in the US are paid for in 3 ways: • Private Insurance Programs (most people in the US pay for medical care through Private Insurance Programs) • Public Insurance Programs • Health Maintenance Organizations |
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Structural-Functional Analysis of health and medicine
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• Medicine is society’s strategy to keep people healthy and productive
• Illness is a dysfunction because it limits productivity and disrupts societal stability o The sick role o The physician’s role: a hierarchal relationship between physician and patient |
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Symbolic-Interaction Analysis of health and medicine
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• The social construction of illness (The Thomas Theorem: How people define a medical situation may actually affect how they feel…..Psychosomatic disorders)
• The social construction of treatment (the examination room) • The social construction of personal identity (illness/disability as a master status) |
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Social-conflict and Feminist Analysis of health and medicine
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• Access to care: particularly a problem in the US because we lack a universal health care program and opt for a direct-fee system whereby the wealthiest individuals can afford the best healthcare)
• The profit motive: capitalist medicine provides physicians and other lobbyists in the medical/pharmaceutical industrial to raise prices of prescriptions, and recommend the costliest surgeries • Medicine as politics: treatment is seen strictly as biological and rarely are social issues such as poverty, racism, and sexism seen as causes of poor health |
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In the united states and in other countries, laws requiring all children to attend school were enacted following?
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industrial revolution
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Japan differs from the U.S. in that attending college depends more on?
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scores and achievements
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According to the structural-functional approach, schooling carries out the task of?
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trying together a diverse population, creating new elements of culture, socializing young people
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Social-conflict analysis highlights how education?
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reflects and reinforces social inequality
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The importance of community colleges to U.S. higher education is reflected in the fact that they?
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greatly expand the opportunity to attend college, enroll almost 40 percent of all U.S. college students, and enrolls half of all african american and hispanic college students
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Health is a social issue because?
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cultural patterns define what people view as health, social inequality affects people's health, and a society's technology affects people's health
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In the very poorest nations of the world today, a majority of people die before reaching?
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their teens
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What is the greatest cause of death among young people in the U.S.?
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accidents
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In the U.S., the greater preventable cause of death is?
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cigarette smoking
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About what share of the U.S. adults are overweight?
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two-thirds
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