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180 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A social category of people who share a common culture (i.e., language, national background orreligion) is referred to as a(n) _____.
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ethnic group
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In order for a group to be considered an ethnic group they must
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share an identity they see as different from that of others on society
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Racial groups are defined by
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How the groups have been treated historically
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Sociologists refer to the process by which something or someone is perceived as having racialcharacteristics as _____
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racialization
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What is the most important factor for determining the racial categories within any society
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The beliefs and interests of the most powerful group(s) in society
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Which of the following does not apply to all minority groups
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being smaller in number than the dominant group
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Which of these statements regarding the judgments people make about others is false
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Most of the time the quick judgments that people make are remarkably comprehensive and accurate.
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The _____ principle states that we categorize people on the basis of what appears initially prominentand obvious about them
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salience
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The principle of ______ holds that stereotypes, especially negative ones, are often appliedinterchangeable from one group to another.
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stereotype interchangeability
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Prejudice is
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usually negative
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A prejudiced person is likely to have
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have positive attitudes towards members of an in-group and negative attitudes towardmembers of an out-group
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How do strongly prejudiced people end up that way
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Socialization into prejudiced attitudes occurs in the family, as well as through the media andpeers.
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Research on socialization into prejudiced attitudes indicates that
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there is a close correlation between the racial and ethnic attitudes of parents and those of theirchildren
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Measurements of economic inequality indicate that
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the poverty rate is higher for Blacks and Hispanics than it is for Whites and Asians
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Sociologists find that racism
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is the perception and treatment of members of a racial group as inferior
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Blaming Blacks for economic inequality and resistance to policies that might alleviate racialoppression is considered ______.
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symbolic or laissez-faire racism
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Which of the following is the best example of institutional discrimination
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Airport security procedures that specify people who appear to be Middle Eastern should bescrutinized more closely than others.
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_____ is the psychological theory that argues that members of the dominant group vent theirfrustrations and aggressions toward minority groups instead of the real source of their frustration. |
Scapegoat theory |
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The assimilation perspective argues that in order to be full members of society members of minoritygroups must adopt as many aspects of the dominant culture as possible. This perspective pertains towhich type of sociological theory?
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functionalist theory
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Contact theory argues that under certain conditions interactions between Whites and members ofminority groups will reduce prejudice within both groups. This theory is a type of _____ theory.
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symbolic interactionist
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Contact theory argues that interaction between Whites and minorities will reduce prejudice on thepart of both groups if all of the following conditions are met, except
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all parties agree to work to reduce the prejudice.
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In the debate over whether class or race are more important as the source of inequality, sociologistWilliam Julius Wilson argues that
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changes in the economic structure are more important than race in shaping the life chances ofdifferent groups
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The view that race intersects with class to shape one’s experience in the social structure is aperspective related to ____
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conflict theory
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The perspective that argues that minority groups’ life chances result from the opportunities formedby the interactions of class, race, and gender is called _____.
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the intersection perspective
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_____ believe that social change results from organized social movements and other forms ofresistance to oppression.
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Conflict theorists
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Anti-Semitism is the term for
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hatred of Jewish people
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Persons with the _____ perspective believe that to overcome adversity and oppression, the minorityperson needs to imitate the dominant White culture as much as possible.
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assimilation
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Which of these is not a criticism of the assimilation model
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It does not account for language barriers between groups
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Which of these statements about segregation in the U.S. is true
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De facto segregation still exists
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The Civil Rights Movement
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was influenced by the philosophy of Mahatma Mohandas Gandhi
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Evidence that gender is socially constructed includes
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the different gender roles found in different countries
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Research on biological determinism has found that
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there are minimal differences in the levels of sex hormones between boys and girls in earlychildhood.
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The condition of having mixed biological sex characteristics is called _____.
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intersexed
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The process of learning the expectations for behavior associated with each sex is called _____.
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gender socialization
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One’s definition of oneself as a woman or a man is termed one’s _____.
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gender identity
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Gender identity has a strong impact on how one feels about one’s appearance. Studies of genderidentity and body image have found that
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by early adolescence girls have lower self-esteem than boys do, due to concerns about theirappearance.
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Research on the impact of peer relationships on socialization have found that
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All of these choices are true
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When teachers of either sex respond more to boys (positively and negatively) than to girls, they
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heighten boys’ sense of importance.
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Since the passage of Title IX in 1972
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discrimination by schools on the basis of gender is illegal.
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Researchers on the influence of television has found that
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both boys and girls rate aggressive toys seen in commercials as desirable
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According to the text, there is a price of conformity to gender norms. Which of these is not a negativeconsequence for men the results from conformity to gender roles?
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Gender norms that demand thinness have resulted in men being as diagnosed with eatingorders as often as women.
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In what way is the gender socialization of African American and White women alike?
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both are encouraged to be nurturing and other-oriented
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How is homophobia related to gender socialization?
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Homophobia encourages conformity to gender expectations.
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What is the sociological term for the hierarchical distribution of social and economic resourcesaccording to gender?
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gender stratification
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Which of these is not a trait found to correspond to relatively equal status for men and women withina society?
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Work is highly segregated according to sex
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The extreme exclusion of women from public life, practiced in Afghanistan under the Taliban regime,is termed _____.
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gender apartheid
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Gender stratification is supported by
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a belief that treats gender inequality as nature
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The Equal Pay Act of 1963
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requires that men and women receive equal pay for equal work.
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Which of the following is not an explanation for the gender pay gap?
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Women and men have been affected differently by legislation.
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Human capital theory explains gender differences in wages
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as the result of individual characteristics of workers
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The _____ labor market is characterized by high job turnover, low wages, short or nonexistentpromotion ladders, and few benefits.
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secondary
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Sexual harassment is a form of overt discrimination that has a negative impact on women’semployment. Which of these statements about sexual harassment is false?
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Cultural changes have resulted in men experiencing as much sexual harassment as women.
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Even when husbands and wives are both employed outside of the home, the bulk of the domesticresponsibilities fall on women. The sociological term for this is ______.
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the second shift
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According to _____, men and women fill complementary gender roles and this arrangement benefits
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functionalism
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From a ______ perspective, men have historically had the power to benefit from women’s labor anddevalue women’s work.
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conflict
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Feminist theorists have focused on the ways in which gender is created and reinforced through socialinteraction. This is an ethnomethodological perspective termed ______.
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“doing gender”
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The perspective of ______ feminism has been used to support many legal changes to bring aboutgreater equality for women in the United States.
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liberal
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Throughout the world, where women are increasingly working as paid laborers,
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they still do most of the work associated with home, children, and the elderly.
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Which of these statements about the status of women worldwide is true?
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The global division of labor is gendered, with women providing cheap labor for manufacturing.
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The Equal Rights Amendment:
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has not been passed.
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From a sociological perspective, sex
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is rooted in social norms, values, and institutions.
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The term for the attraction that a person feels for others of the same or of a different sex is _____.
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sexual orientation
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What is the term for the definition that one has of oneself, that involves one’s sexual relationships?
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sexual identity
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What is the relationship between the concepts of sexual orientation and sexual identity?
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Sexual orientation is something deeply rooted in an individual; sexual identity develops within asocial context.
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Sexual behavior is not uniform among all societies. There is evidence that
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sexual behaviors vary by social context
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In some cultures women do not believe that orgasm exists. Sociologists view this as evidence that
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sexual attitudes and behavior vary cross-culturally.
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Which of the following statement is true of sexual values and attitudes in American society?
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People have more sexual partners over a lifetime than in the past.
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Research on how sexual identity is learned indicates that
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sexual socialization takes place at a very early age.
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The sociological term for the sets of behaviors and roles that children follow when playing “house” or“doctor” is _____.
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sexual scripts
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The law dictates who is permitted to legally marry, and the media influence attitudes towardsexuality. From a sociological perspective these examples demonstrate that
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social institutions play a large role in directing human sexuality
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Children learn sexual scripts by all of the following, except:a. playing games.
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sexual experience.
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Redlight districts, sex in advertising, and prostitution are all examples of
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the connection between sex and economic forces in society
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Government support for particular birth control technologies
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is a form of regulating sexual and reproductive behavior.
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When it comes to attitudes in the U.S. toward gays and lesbians,
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most people believe that homosexual relations between consenting adults should be legal
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In 2003, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that:
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private sexual relations are a constitutional liberty.
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. The theoretical perspective that sees sexuality as part of the power relations and economic inequalityin society is _____.
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conflict theory
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According to _____ theory, sexual violence such as rape or sexual harassment is the result of powerimbalances between men and women
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conflict
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A person’s sexual identity
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may change throughout at some point in his or her lifetime.
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The introduction of queer theory
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furthers the idea that sexual identity may be a continuum of different possibilities for sexualexpression
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Sexual politics refers to
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the link between sexuality and power in society.
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Having casual sexual relations, from kissing to sexual intercourse, without any commitment has beentermed ______.
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hooking up
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The group most vulnerable to sexual exploitation is _____
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poor women and women of color
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Germany recently legalized gay and lesbian relationships, allowing same-sex couples to register theirpartnership. This is used in the text to illustrate the that
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tolerance for gay and lesbian relationships varies significantly throughout the world.
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The practice of traveling to particular parts of the world in order to engage in commercial sexualactivity is termed ____
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sex tourism
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Historically, how have sociologists approached the study of the experience of gays and lesbians?
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as a form of deviance
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Sociological study of homophobia has found that
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it may be deeply embedded in individuals’ definitions of themselves.
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Heterosexism refers to
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the institutionalization of heterosexuality as the only legitimate sexual orientation.
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Though not supported by traditional institutions, gay and lesbian couples
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are more likely to adopt equal relationship roles.
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Research on gay and lesbian relationships has found that
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the quality of the relationship is better when the couple receives social support.
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Reproduction remains largely controlled by:
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men
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Since the legalization of abortion, the number abortions has
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decreased.
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Public opinion about abortion
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has remained relatively constant over the last 20 years
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The right to abortion was first established in constitutional law by the _____ decision in 1973.
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Roe v. Wade
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Which of the following groups is most likely to have an abortion
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young women, ages 20-29
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The American Psychological Association defines sexualization as including any of the followingconditions, except:
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Children are involved in sexual activity more than what would traditionally be consideredappropriate.
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In the U.S., the most commonly-held attitude toward pornography is that it
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is protected by the constitutional guarantees of free speech and freedom of the press.
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Most teen pregnancies in the U.S.
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are correlated with poverty and low educational attainment.
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Sexual coercion or rape is primarily a consequence of
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power and dominance resulting from inequality
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The _____ refers to the widespread changes in men’s and women’s roles and a greater publicacceptance of sexuality as a normal part of social development
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sexual revolution
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Which of the following statements is false about sex and social change?
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The sexual revolution has eliminated the influence of gender in sexual relationships.
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Which of the following is not part of the sociological definition of family?
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a social unit related by blood and bound together by love
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Within the U.S., polygamy
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is illegal
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What type of marriage is most common in the U.S. today?
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monogamy
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In the United States, interracial marriage is
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increasing, but infrequent.
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Barbra is a very close family friend – she is actually considered part of the family. Barbra may beconsidered
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fictive kin.
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The emergency of the nuclear family in the United States was a result of which major event?
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The Industrial Revolution
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The family wage system
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paid men more than women based on the assumption that they were the breadwinner.
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Historically, family structure in the U.S. |
Has been shaped by slavery, migration, poverty, & laws that impeded family formation |
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_____ are particularly interested in the way in which families create stability by teaching people thenorms and values of society
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Functionalists
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During periods of rapid social change, families experience social disorganization and this createssocial problems. This is part of the _____ view of families.
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functionalist
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According to _____ the family as an institution reinforces and supports power relations in society.
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conflict theory
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The theoretical perspective that is most concerned with the fact that families are genderedinstitutions that reflect the gender hierarchies in society is _____.
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feminist theory
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_____ is concerned with how people define and negotiate family relationships.
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symbolic interaction theory
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The major cause of marital disruption today is:
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divorce.
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Approximately _____ of children live with one parent.
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one-fourth
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In addition to the high divorce rate, the other primary cause of female single-parent households is
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the high rate of pregnancy among unmarried teens.
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Sociologists have found that most of the problems faced by households headed by women areprimarily the result of
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the threat of poverty that is connected with being a single mother
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Research on children in gay and lesbian households has found that
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there is very little difference in outcomes for the children of gay and lesbians and the children ofheterosexuals.
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Research on cohabitation has found that
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couples who cohabited prior to marriage have lower levels of marital quality than couples whodid not.
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The boomerang generation refers to people between the ages of eighteen and twenty-four who
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return home to live with their parents
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The likelihood of divorce is greater for couples who
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marry young
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Sociological studies of patterns of family violence have found that
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the most common form of child abuse is neglect
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Religion is an institutionalized system of _____ by which a group of people interprets and responds towhat they feel is sacred and that provides answers to questions of ultimate meaning. |
a. symbols b. beliefs c. values d. all of the above |
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Moral proscriptions for behavior established by religions
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often come to be viewed as right and inviolable.
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The term secular means
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having to do with ordinary, nonreligious life.
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Which of these statements does not describe one of the functions of religion?
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Religion serves to preserve diversity and cultural relativism.
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The United States is commonly described as being based on a(n) _____ heritage.
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Judeo-Christian
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What is the relationship between Christianity and governance within the U.S.?
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In the U.S. Christianity is often treated as if it is the national religion
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Religiosity is measured by sociologists using all of the following, except
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collecting information through the Census.
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Church membership and attendance in the U.S.
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is higher for women than for men, and for older more than younger people. |
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Which of these major world religions is polytheistic? |
Hinduism |
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Christianity would be categorized as a _____ religion |
patriarchal |
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What term did Durkheim give to the body of religious beliefs that give people a sense of belonging? |
collective consciousness |
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Durkheim’s emphasis on rituals and shared meanings fits with which types of sociological theory? |
functionalism and symbolic interactionism |
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Weber’s analysis of the Protestant ethic demonstrates |
that religious beliefs are able to shape even secular dimensions of national culture. |
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It is the belief of _____ that religion was developed by the oppressed to relieve their distress. |
conflict theory |
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The largest religion in the world (measured in numbers of followers) is _____. |
Christianity |
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Sects are |
offshoots of establishes churches |
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Research indicates that faith-based organizations |
enhance the participation of traditionally disadvantaged groups in the democratic process. |
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What is the role of religion in the process of social change? |
religion may have a conservative influence, but may also be liberating |
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Education in the U.S. was made compulsory in _____. |
1900 |
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Schooling refers to |
formal, institutionalized education |
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High school and college graduation rates are not the same for all racial-ethnic groups. In fact, |
Hispanics have the lowest graduation rates, compared with Whites and Blacks. |
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The four types of education in the U.S. are parochial, public, private and home schooling. How doeshome schooling compare with other forms of education? |
Ninety-five percent of the elementary aged children who were home schooled in 2000 wereWhite. |
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The United States is no longer the world leader in student math and science achievement scores.According to the text, what explains this decline in the nation’s standing? |
inequality within the education system |
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from a(n) _____ perspective unequal education is used to separate different groups and benefit those in the middle and upper classes |
conflict |
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The _____ perspective focuses on the process of how expectations are created as students andteachers interact. |
symbolic interactionist |
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Which theoretical perspective is the concept of the teacher expectancy effect associated with |
symbolic interactionism |
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The teacher expectancy effect occurs independently of a student’s actual ability. What explains thiseffect? |
the concept of self-fulfilling prophecy |
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What is the relationship between formal education and occupational status? |
The higher one’s occupational status, the greater the likelihood that person has a great deal offormal education. |
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What is the relationship between income, gender, and education? |
At every level of education the average income of men is higher than the average income of women |
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How are occupation, class, and education related? |
One’s occupation is heavily influenced by social class background and formal education. |
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A major criticism of standardized ability tests is of what they consider “standardized” knowledge. Infact, research indicates that they |
predict future school performance for White males better than for others. |
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Standardized ability tests are best at predicting future school performance for _____. |
White males |
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Research on tracking has found all of the following, except:
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detracking penalizes high achieving students. |
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What has been the outcome of No Child Left Behind? |
The racial achievement gap has widened. |
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When germ theory first became established as the foundation of medicine |
the practice of medicine was transformed into a science. |
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Health care is _____ |
a matter of science and an elaborate social structure |
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Recently, obesity has become |
defined as a public health problem. |
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Which geographic region of the United States has the highest obesity rates? |
Mid-South |
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More than _____ of new cases of AIDS are the result of male-to-male sexual contact. |
one-half |
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Most women who acquire AIDS do so |
through heterosexual contact |
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According to the _____ perspective, the positive functions of the health care system are theprevention and treatment of disease. |
functionalist |
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According to the _____ perspective, excessive bureaucratization of the health care system andprivatization has lead to excessive cost. |
conflict
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According to the _____ perspective, structural inequality is a major source of problems within thehealth care system. |
conflict |
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Which perspective is most likely to believe that illness is partly socially constructed? |
symbolic interaction theory |
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Symbolic interactionists who have studied the meanings conveyed during interaction betweenhealth care providers and the poor have found that |
the poor are treated as if they should be happy with whatever care they get |
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Immunization against childhood diseases is widely taken for granted. In reality, how isimmunization distributed throughout the U.S.? |
Many inner city and rural residents are suspicious of or don’t understand the importance ofimmunizations for children. |
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How is access to health care in the U.S. distributed throughout the population? |
Health care is more available in urban and suburban areas than in rural areas. |
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The study of all the factors associated with disease in society is called _____. |
epidemiology |
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Increasing diversity in society creates new challenges for the health care system. The text notes thatimmigrants to the U.S. |
experience social distance from health care providers that makes them reluctant to seek care. |
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Research on the relationship of social class to health care finds that |
people with lower incomes do not generally rate their health as excellent. |
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Research on gender and health finds that |
older women are more likely than older men to suffer from stress, hypertension and chronic illness. |
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Social conditions have a significant effect on health. In fact, |
a. male occupational roles put them at greater risk than women of infectious disease.b. perceived discrimination against oneself is related to psychological and physical health.c. housewives have higher rates of illness than women who work outside the home.d. All of these choices are true. |
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The Americans with Disabilities Act requires employers and schools to provide _____. |
“reasonable accommodations” |
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Medicare provides all of the following, except: |
dental care |
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According to the text, the U.S. currently spends about _____ of its gross domestic product on healthcare. |
15 percent |
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Comparing the health care system of the U.S. with those of other industrialized countries, the textnotes that |
the U.S. spends more money and coverage is less comprehensive than in other industrializedcountries. |
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According to the text, which of these is a not major contributor to skyrocketing health-care costs inthe U.S.? |
high rates of uninsured |
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The Affordable Health Care for America Act of 2010 does all of the following, except |
provide free health coverage for all children under the age of 18. |