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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Perspective |
A particular point of view |
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Sociology |
The scientific study of social structure ( patterned social behavior) |
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Sociological perspective |
A view that looks at the behavior of groups, not individuals |
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Social structure |
The pattern interaction of people in social relationships |
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Sociological imagination |
The ability to see the link between society and self |
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Positivism |
The belief that knowledge should be derived from scientific observation |
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Functionalism |
Perspective in sociology according to which society consist of different but related parts, each of which serves a particular purpose |
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Symbolic interactionism |
Approach that focuses on the interactions among people based on mutually understood symbols |
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Conflict perspective |
Approach emphasizing the role of conflict, competition, and constrained within a society |
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bourgeoisie |
Class owning the means for producing wealth |
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Capitalist |
Person who owns or controls the means for producing wealth |
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Proletariat |
Class that labors without owning the means of production, those who labor for the bourgeoisie |
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Class conflict |
The ongoing struggle between the bourgeoisie(owners) and the proletariat(working) classes |
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Mechanical solidarity |
Social dependency based on a widespread consensus of values and beliefs, enforced conformity, and dependent on tradition and family |
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Organic solidarity |
Social interdependency based on a high degree of specialization and roles |
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Steps of the scientific method |
The recognition and formulation of a problem, the collection of data through observation and experiment, and the formulation and testing of hypothesis |
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Society |
A specific territory inhabited by people who share a common culture |
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Culture |
Knowledge, values, customs, and physical objects that are shared by members of a society |
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More |
Norms that have moral dimensions and that should be followed by members of the society |
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Taboo |
A rule of behavior, the violation of which calls for strong punishment |
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Drive |
Impulse to reduce discomfort |
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Folkway |
Norms that like moral significance |
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Norm |
Rules defining appropriate and inappropriate behavior |
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law |
A norm that is formally defined and enforced by officials |
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Reflex |
Automatic reaction to physical stimulus |
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Symbol |
Anything that stands for something else and has an agreed upon meaning attached to it |
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Hypothesis of linguistic relativity |
theory stating that our idea of reality depends largely upon language |
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Sanctions |
Rewards and punishments used to encourage people to follow norms |
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Formal sanctions |
Sanctions imposed by persons given special authority |
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Informal sanctions |
Rewards and punishments that can be applied by most members of a group |
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Values |
Broad ideas about what is good or desirable shared by people in a society |
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Material culture |
The concrete, tangible objects of a culture |
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Non material culture |
Ideas knowledge and beliefs that influence people's behavior |
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Real culture |
Actual behavior patterns of members |
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Ideal culture |
Cultural guidelines that group members claim to accept |
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Subculture |
A group that is part of the dominant culture but that differs from it in some important aspects |
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Counterculture |
A subculture deliberately and consciously opposed to certain central beliefs or attitudes of the dominant culture |
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Ethnocentrism |
Judging others in terms of one's own cultural standards |
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Cultural universals |
General cultural traits that exist in all cultures |
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Cultural particulars |
The ways in which a culture expresses Universal traits |
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Socialization |
The process of learning to participate in a group |
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Blended family |
Family in which at least one adult is a stepparent |
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dual employed marriage |
Marriages in which both spouses work outside the home |
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Cohabitation |
Marriage like arrangement without the legal obligations and responsibilities |
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Boomerang kids |
Adult children who return to the home of origin or who continue to live with their parents |
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Religion |
The unified system of beliefs and practices concerned with sacred things |
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Protestant ethics |
A set of values, norms, beliefs, and attitudes stressing hard work thrift, and self-discipline |
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Sect |
A religious organization that arises out of a desire to reform an existing religious organization |
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Cult |
A religious organization whose characteristics are not drawn from existing religious traditions within a society |
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Sports |
Set of competitive activities in which winners and losers are determined by physical performance within a set of established rules |
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Stacking |
Assignment of players to less central positions on the basis of race or ethnicity |
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Rumor |
A widely circulated piece of information that is not verified as being true or false |
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Urban legend |
A moralistic tale that the teller swears happened to someone he or she knows |
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Fad |
An unusual behavior pattern that spreads rapidly and disappears quickly |
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Fashion |
A widely accepted behavior pattern pattern that changes periodically |
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Crowd |
A temporary collection of people who share an immediate common interest |
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Mob |
Emotional crowd ready to use violence for a specific purpose |
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Riot |
Episode of largely random destruction and violent carried out by crowd |
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Contagion theory |
Stating that members of the crowd stimulate each other to hire levels of emotion and irrational behavior |
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Emergent norm theory |
Stating that norms develop to guide crowd behavior |
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Convergence theory |
States that clouds are formed by people who deliberately congregate with like-minded others |